The Origin of Our Universe as Interpreted by Model Mechanics
| Scientific Paper | |
|---|---|
| Title | The Origin of Our Universe as Interpreted by Model Mechanics |
| Read in full | Link to paper |
| Author(s) | Ken H Seto |
| Keywords | Model Mechanics, E-Matrix, S-Particle, Doppler Theory of Gravity |
| Published | 2006 |
| No. of pages | 16 |
Read the full paper here
Abstract
A new model of our Universe, called Model Mechanics, has been formulated. The current state of our Universe as interpreted by Model Mechanics is as follows: Space is occupied by a stationary, structured and elastic light-conducting medium called the E-Matrix. A mass-bearing particle called the S-Particle is the only fundamental particle that exists in our Universe. The different absolute motions of the S-Particles in the E-Matrix gives rise to all the observed particles such as the electron and the different quarks. Also, the absolute motions of the S-Particles or S-Particle Systems give rise to all the forces and processes of Nature. Model Mechanics leads to a new theory of gravity called Doppler Theory of Gravity (DTG) and unites gravity with the electromagnetic and nuclear forces naturally. It also leads to a complete theory of motion called IRT (Improved Relativity Theory). IRT includes SRT as a subset. However, unlike SRT, the equations of IRT are valid in all environments, including gravity. In cosmology, Model Mechanics provides natural solutions to the following problematic cosmological observations:
- The observed accelerated expansion of the far reached regions of the Universe disagrees with the predictions of current theories.
- The observed rotational curves of galaxies disagree with the predictions of current theories.
- The observed paths of travel of the spacecrafts Pioneer 10 and 11 disagree with the predictions of current theories.
- The observable Universe appears to have a much larger horizon than it is allowed by its observed age. The GRT description of gravity gives rise to the observed flatness problem of the Universe.
The above Model Mechanical description of our current Universe leads to a new interpretation for the origin of our Universe. This paper gives detail description of this new interpretation.
Overview
Seto's paper is the cosmological instalment of a larger programme he calls Model Mechanics, whose foundations he sets out here in summary before applying them to the question of origins. The framework is frankly aetherist: all of space is occupied by a stationary medium, the E-Matrix, built from very thin elastic filaments called E-Strings; and all matter is built from a single mass-bearing corpuscle, the S-Particle. Every particle, every force and every process of nature is supposed to reduce to the absolute motion of S-Particles through this medium and to the distortions their motion leaves in the E-Strings.
The departure from the mainstream is comprehensive rather than local. Seto replaces space-time and quantum fields with a mechanical medium; he replaces Special Relativity with an "Improved Relativity Theory" (IRT) in which absolute time and absolute Simultaneity are restored and the speed of light is "not a universal physical constant … but a constant mathematical ratio"; he replaces General Relativity with a force theory of gravity, the Doppler Theory of Gravity, in which gravity may be repulsive as well as attractive; and he adds a fifth force, the CRE force, identified with inertia. The origin of the universe then becomes a mechanical story: S-Particles clumping, packing, colliding, and finally exploding.
The framework
E-Matrix and S-Particles
E-Strings are three-dimensional elastic objects of estimated diameter around 10−33 cm, of undefined length, randomly oriented away from matter and radially organised near matter so that their number through unit area obeys the inverse-square law. They repel one another, so Seto posits "an unknown outside force that is compacting them together," with the repulsion and the compaction in equilibrium. Light is a wave-packet in neighbouring E-Strings, following their geometry to its target — a picture Seto says "embodies duality."
The S-Particle is a spherical mass-bearing object repelled by the surrounding E-Strings, which is why it moves unimpeded. Particle identity is a matter of orbital motion around an E-String: an S-Particle orbiting counterclockwise at the fastest rate is an Electron, charge −1; counterclockwise at one third that rate is a down Quark, charge −1/3; clockwise at two thirds that rate is an up quark, charge +2/3. The electron Neutrino orbits counterclockwise like an electron but moves away corkscrew-fashion, so its E-Matrix distortion has dissipated by the time charged particles could respond to it — Seto's account of why it is electrically inert. Mass is "the evidence of the orbiting diameter of its S-Particle." Non-orbiting S-Particles carry no charge, interact only gravitationally, and are identified with Dark Matter.
Two rules generate all forces: particles in absolute motion in the same direction converge (attraction); in opposite directions they diverge (repulsion). Seto derives the rule by analogy with parallel current-carrying wires, which attract for parallel currents and repel for antiparallel ones.
IRT
IRT's postulates distinguish measurements made with "a clock second and a light-second" from those made with "a defined absolute second and the physical length of a rod." In the first set of units the laws of physics and the ratio c are the same for all inertial observers; in the second they are not, and the one-way speed of light is maximal in the rest frame of the E-Matrix. The physical length of a rod is frame-independent; what changes with absolute motion is its light path length. Clock rates slow with increasing absolute motion, and a clock second contains more absolute time the faster the clock's absolute motion.
All IRT formulae are built from two frequency ratios: Faa, the frequency of a standard light source in A's frame as measured by A, and Fab, that of an identical source in B's frame as measured by A. Because a moving clock may run either slower or faster than the observer's, IRT carries paired equations — time dilation Tab = Taa(Fab/Faa) and time expansion Tab = Taa(Faa/Fab), matching pairs for light path length, and two sets of coordinate transformations according to whether the observed frame is in a higher or lower state of absolute motion. Seto states that these transformations "are valid in all environments, including gravity," so that IRT "will give matching predictions as GRT and at the same time includes SRT as a subset."
The CRE force and the Doppler Theory of Gravity
The CRE force is always repulsive and is, Seto says, "what we commonly refer to as 'inertia'": the resistance of two objects to a change in their state of absolute motion. It follows from the globally divergent structure of the E-Matrix, since each object follows the diverging geometry of the E-Strings emanating from it. He distinguishes it from Einstein's Cosmological Constant on the ground that the constant is constant while the CRE force is not.
Gravity is then the sum of the attractive same-direction effect and the repulsive CRE effect — which, Seto argues, is why gravity is so weak. The modified Newtonian law is
- F = (Fab/Faa) G MaMb (ja · jb) / r2
where ja and jb are unit vectors of absolute motion. The dot product carries the novelty: "not all objects in the Universe attract each other gravitationally." Locally it is +1 and gravity attracts; beyond the observable radius it is −1 and gravity repels, which Seto offers as the explanation of the observed accelerated expansion.
Cosmological applications
For the horizon problem, Seto argues that the Earth's rotating absolute motion curves the surrounding E-Strings so severely that "when we look up in the sky in any direction we are actually looking at the same region of the universe," making the problem an artefact — his analogy is a fibre-optic gastroscope, which shows the same stomach however the eyepiece is bent. The flatness problem is said to be avoided because gravity is a difference of attraction and repulsion rather than a braking term. Flat galactic rotation curves and the Pioneer anomaly are both attributed to free non-orbiting S-Particles concentrated in the Sun and planets, which add an extra attraction on a departing spacecraft.
The origin of the universe
The E-Matrix is infinite and contains infinitely many S-Particles in constant motion in all directions; our universe is one small region of it. Neighbouring S-Particles travelling in the same general direction attracted one another and clumped; further infall from all directions set the clump rotating, shaping it into an S-Particle Ball with both linear and rotational motion. Packing continued until the S-Particles began to collide, the E-Strings reached maximum curvature, collisions raised the temperature exponentially, and the resulting explosive force initiated the Big Bang. The Ball happened to be rotating counterclockwise.
The explosion spewed S-Particles counterclockwise while the strained E-Strings unwound clockwise; the brief interval of this counter-rotation is Seto's replacement for the inflationary epoch. During it, S-Particles captured by E-Strings became matter particles: entry from the right produced electrons, entry from the left produced up quarks, with charge magnitude set by orbital period. Electron neutrinos were produced first, by the same process as electrons, and had already moved away.
The first electrons and up quarks, being close together, annihilated one another, producing down quarks and free S-Particles. Because the earliest electrons had left as neutrinos, up quarks were in surplus; stacked pairs of up quarks captured a down quark to make a Proton, and stacked pairs of down quarks captured an up quark to make a Neutron. Up-quark production then ceased as the E-Matrix finished unwinding, while electron production continued, leaving the electrons of our universe. Stacked interactions of protons and neutrons made deuterium, then helium, then a trace of lithium, at which point — Seto writes — "the universe was 10−12 seconds old."
Seto offers a numerical claim in support: the ratio of up quarks to electrons produced in the Big Bang is 1.5:1, and since a down quark is the annihilation product of an up quark and an electron, counting every down quark as one up quark plus one electron yields exactly 1.5:1 "for all the atoms in our universe."
Galaxy formation follows from the same two rules: neighbouring particles travelling in the same direction attracted each other into primordial clumps, and the CRE force later broke those clumps into the mini-clumps we see as galaxies, predicting regularly spaced clusters. The Cosmic Microwave Background is identified as waves in the E-Strings produced by continuing matter interactions rather than as relic radiation.
What about God?
Seto closes with a theological section. Because each fundamental assumption invites a further question — what are S-Particles made of, where did the E-Matrix come from — he holds that "we are not capable of arriving at the final answer to any fundamental question of nature," and that the regress ends only with a Creator. He argues that E-Strings which repel each other yet are held compacted by an unknown force, in an arrangement that lets S-Particles move freely, "cannot occur naturally" and are the designed properties of a mechanical system. He describes both a self-initiating universe (infinite E-Matrix) and a "put in place" universe (finite E-Matrix, self-contained), notes that they evolve identically, and states plainly that he favours the second.
Assessment
The paper's real strength is that it is a genuinely mechanical programme, and consistently so: it refuses to treat fields, space-time curvature or virtual particles as explanatory primitives and insists that a force is not explained until a physical mechanism carries it. That instinct puts Seto in a long tradition, and some of his moves are internally elegant — the derivation of attraction and repulsion from the parallel-wire experiment gives him a single rule from which he then generates every interaction, and identifying inertia with a distance-dependent repulsion is at least a testable idea rather than a redefinition. He is also unusually explicit about his own primitives, listing five postulates and admitting that the compacting force holding the E-Matrix together is "unknown."
The difficulties begin with what is asserted rather than derived, and there is a great deal of it. Charge magnitudes are set by orbital speed, but no dynamics is given that would make the permitted speeds 1, 2/3 and 1/3 rather than any other values; the assignment is fitted to the known charges. Mass is declared to be "the evidence of the orbiting diameter" of an S-Particle, with no relation given between diameter and mass value, so the observed mass spectrum is not predicted. The chirality rule — entry from the right yields an electron, from the left an up quark — has no mechanism behind it, and "right" and "left" are not defined relative to anything. The E-String diameter of 10−33 cm is stated as an estimate with no derivation. IRT's central claim, that its transformations reproduce general relativity in all environments, is asserted and never demonstrated; the treatment of Mercury's perihelion is a three-step recipe ("set up a coordinate system … plot the future positions … the shift will be revealed") with no computed number, and 43 arcseconds per century is never obtained.
There are also internal inconsistencies in the paper's own statements. The CRE force is derived from E-Strings that diverge according to the inverse-square law, yet Seto writes that it "increases with the square of the distance between the objects" — the opposite of what his own construction gives, and an ingredient he then needs in that inverted form to drive cosmic acceleration. The 1.5:1 up-quark-to-electron ratio is not a prediction at all but an identity forced by the counting rule: for an atom of Z protons and N neutrons there are 2Z+N up quarks, Z+2N down quarks and Z electrons, so recounting each down quark as one up plus one electron gives 3(Z+N) up quarks against 2(Z+N) electrons — exactly 1.5 for every atom, whatever the physics. Nothing is confirmed by it. The electron-plus-up-quark "annihilation" that yields a down quark conserves charge (−1 + 2/3 = −1/3) but violates both lepton number and baryon number, and no reason is offered for suspending them. The claim that the universe was "10−12 seconds old" when helium and lithium synthesis ended is off by about eleven orders of magnitude from standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which places light-element formation between roughly ten seconds and twenty minutes; Seto's companion claim, that the standard model "can only describe the origin of our Universe up to a time of 10−12 seconds," inverts the direction of the standard model's limitation, which concerns times earlier than about 10−12 s, not later.
The conflicts with measurement are the most serious. The proposed dissolution of the horizon problem — that severely curved E-Strings mean every line of sight looks at the same region — is contradicted by the plainest astronomical fact available: the sky is not the same in every direction. Different constellations, different galaxies, different quasars lie in different directions, and the CMB's temperature anisotropies form a specific, mapped, direction-dependent pattern measured by COBE, WMAP and Planck. If all directions viewed one region, the sky would be identical everywhere, and it is not. The DTG explanation of acceleration — repulsion only "beyond the radius of the observable Universe" — cannot do the work required either, since the accelerated expansion is inferred from Type Ia supernovae at redshifts of roughly 0.3 to 1.5, well inside the observable universe, and it appears with the same magnitude in all directions rather than only at the horizon. The Pioneer anomaly, which the paper treats as evidence for concentrations of free S-Particles, was resolved in 2012 by Turyshev and colleagues as anisotropic thermal recoil from the spacecraft's own radioisotope heat, with no new force required. And the identification of the CMB as ongoing E-String waves from matter interactions must contend with its measured blackbody spectrum, which COBE/FIRAS found to match a 2.725 K Planck curve to within about fifty parts per million — the most precise blackbody ever measured, and very hard to produce from an incoherent sum of local interactions in an elastic medium.
Finally, the closing section is not physics and does not pretend to be. Seto's argument that the E-Matrix "cannot occur naturally" rests on the assumption that only designed systems have finely balanced properties, which is the conclusion in another form; and he himself notes that his self-initiating and created universes "would have evolved the same," which concedes that no observation distinguishes them. As an exercise in imagining what an unbroken mechanical account of nature might look like, the paper has some interest. As a cosmology it does not make contact with the data it invokes.