The Bipolar Structure of Particles and Interactions
| Scientific Paper | |
|---|---|
| Title | The Bipolar Structure of Particles and Interactions |
| Read in full | Link to paper |
| Author(s) | Peter Kohut |
| Keywords | quantum dipole, bipolarity, dialectics, Particle Physics, Structure, unified force |
| Published | 2011 |
| No. of pages | 35 |
Read the full paper here
Abstract
Energy being a motion has its basic reason in the dialectic relation of opposites — bipolarity — connection of anti-poles. The fact that the dynamic bipolar relation of anti-poles is the basic building block of matter, energy, space and time has not been accepted by physics so far in spite of that bipolarity manifests itself everywhere, e.g. bipolarity of electric charges and magnetic poles, action-reaction law, kinetic and potential energy, attraction — repulsion, etc. Without an acceptance of the bipolarity principle of matter it is impossible to discover how matter is structured and constructed.
Overview
This 35-page paper is the fullest statement of Peter Kohut's quantum dipole model, in which a single object — a bound pair of opposite poles in permanent oscillation — is proposed as the elementary structural unit of matter, energy and space alike, and every known force is presented as the attraction and repulsion of such pairs at different length scales.
It is unusual among the structural models catalogued on this wiki in beginning from dialectical logic rather than from experiment or geometry. Kohut, whose doctorate is in economic cybernetics and who credits Hegel's Science of Logic with the central idea, argues the position down from first principles and only then assigns structures to particles.
Argument
The bipolar starting point
Kohut begins at the highest level of abstraction. Of anything at all we can initially say only that it is — but that "something" remains an undefined existence until there is "something else" against which it defines itself as a difference. The two are not independent existences but two opposites (anti-poles) of the same one.
Their relation must be dynamic, since only mutual activity creates a relation, and the simplest such activity is simultaneous attraction and repulsion, manifesting as pulsation, vibration or oscillation. Each pole excludes the other by repulsion while remaining bound to it by attraction, so the pair persists as an unbreakable unity. Kohut names this the quantum dipole (+/−): not a static object but a permanent oscillation, an approaching and receding of its own anti-poles.
Why mathematics is said to miss it
A methodological claim runs alongside. Physics, Kohut argues, works with mathematics, and mathematics rests on formal logic; a formal apparatus can study separated parts through their external and local relations but cannot penetrate to the material essence, which is dialectical. He treats Einstein's elevation of local action to a universal principle — and the difficulty it then created with quantum non-locality — as the characteristic symptom.
Space, the whole and the part
The paper's most distinctive move concerns motion. On Kohut's account objects do not move in space: the space dragged by a particle moves towards the rest of space. Moving objects are mutually moving parts of space, and their connections are themselves parts of space, so that there is no difference between a part and a connection.
Separating a part from the whole therefore requires creating its connections with every other part, which is possible only if the whole and each part consist of elementary bipolar connections. Hence the quantum dipole as the structural unit of the Universe — and hence Kohut's universal connection principle: every "+" pole is connected with every "−" pole in the Universe and reciprocally, so that everything is connected with, and interacts with, everything else. This is the basis of the "unity principle" running through his other work.
Light and wave–particle duality
A photon is a single oscillating quantum dipole. Its internal oscillation, perpendicular to the direction of flight, manifests outwardly as an electromagnetic wave — which Kohut offers as a direct resolution of wave–particle duality: the radiation is a particle as a bipolar unity and a wave as the form of that unity's oscillation, with the photon's electric and magnetic characteristics as evidence of its bipolarity.
It follows that photons need no medium to travel through. They do not move in a vacuum but towards the other parts of the Universe with which they are connected, and the vacuum itself is simply the elementary connections between particles. Kohut takes the interpretational difficulties of quantum theory to stem from treating particles as points moving in a coordinate system.
He also allows a photon to exist as a double dipole (two "+" and two "−" poles), which he uses to account for right- and left-handed behaviour and for photons showing no deflection in a magnetic field.
Particle structures
From this the paper builds a combinatorial table of particles, each specified by its number of poles and dipoles, all oscillating about a common centre:
| Particle | Pole structure | Quantum dipoles |
|---|---|---|
| Photon γ | (+/−) | 1 |
| Electron e− | (+/2−) | 2 |
| Positron e+ | (2+/−) | 2 |
| Neutrino νe | (2+/2−) | 4 |
| Neutron n (ground state) | (3+/3−) | 9 |
| Neutron n (excited) | (4+/4−) | 16 |
Two consequences are drawn explicitly, and both depart from the Standard Model:
- The neutrino is a double-photon structure and is therefore its own antiparticle — neutrino and antineutrino are the same object.
- The muon and tau have the same structure as the electron, differing only in being more energetic and shorter. They do not decay into an electron, a neutrino and an antineutrino; they shed energy into their surroundings and become electrons.
The neutron is presented as containing a proton structure, with one negative pole held by weaker and longer connections — which is what allows it to be released in beta decay — and the excited neutron as containing electron, proton and photon structures together.
Force and energy
Kohut relates force to energy through the length of the dipole. The force acting between anti-poles across the whole length di gives the dipole's energy as ei = fi·di, and from his relation between internal energy and length he obtains an attractive force
- fia = hc / (2di2)
which he identifies with Coulomb's law — an attractive force inversely proportional to the square of the separation, here the dipole's own length. Attraction and repulsion are always in balance: fia = fir and eia = eir.
One mechanism for every force
The paper's payoff is its conclusion, which is a single hierarchy: all forces are the attraction and repulsion of quantum dipoles, differing only in the length and strength of the dipoles involved.
- Very short dipoles — the strong attractive forces inside hadrons and leptons
- Short and strong dipoles between nucleons — nuclear forces
- Weaker and longer dipoles — electrostatic forces
- Weaker still — the forces between atoms and molecules
- Longest and weakest — gravity between massive objects, the long mutual dipoles constituting the cosmic vacuum
Attraction and repulsion remain in mutual equilibrium throughout, and the dynamic balance of the two inside atoms and particles is what appears as internal oscillation and vibration. The paper applies the scheme to thermonuclear fusion in the Sun's core — where shortening the dipoles between nuclei raises the repulsive pressure that fusion must overcome — and to the weak attractive forces between atoms and molecules.
Assessment
The model's attraction is its economy. One object with one free parameter — the dipole's length — is asked to span the whole force hierarchy from the interior of a hadron to gravitation between galaxies, and to supply particle structures and a reading of wave–particle duality along the way. That places it with the other single-mechanism programmes catalogued here, such as the toroidal ring models of Common Sense Science, Briddell's Field Structure Theory and the de Hilsters' Four Universal Motions — and its "everything is connected with everything" principle puts it close to Mach's principle.
Two difficulties should be recorded.
The first is methodological. The quantum dipole is derived from a dialectical argument about existence and difference, not from measurement, and the particle assignments that follow are combinatorial: a neutron is nine dipoles because that is the arrangement that yields the required poles, not because nine was measured. A reader who does not already accept the dialectical premise is given no independent route to the conclusion.
The second is empirical, and sharper. Two of the paper's explicit departures are testable and have been tested. Neutrino and antineutrino are not the same object in practice — Ray Davis's reactor experiment established that antineutrinos do not induce the reaction that neutrinos do, which is why the distinction is drawn — and whether the neutrino is its own antiparticle (a Majorana particle) remains an open experimental question pursued through neutrinoless double beta decay, not a settled affirmative. Muon decay likewise produces an electron together with two neutrinos, with the missing energy and momentum measured, rather than an electron plus energy shed to the surroundings. These are the points at which the model makes contact with data, and they are the points a defender would need to address.