Hypothesis on MATTER
| Scientific Paper | |
|---|---|
| Title | Hypothesis on MATTER |
| Read in full | Link to paper |
| Author(s) | Nainan K Varghese |
| Keywords | Unified theory, steady state theory, quantum of matter, space, energy, mass, inertia, work-done, creation of matter, fundamental particles, light, gravity, photon, biton, hexton, positron, electron, t |
| Published | 2010 |
| Journal | Vixra |
| No. of pages | 10 |
Read the full paper here
Abstract
‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ is a revolutionary new concept, which explains all physical phenomena based on just one type of (postulated) basic particle - the Quantum of matter. Conception and development of this model is founded on the conviction that there can be only one type of basic entities. They provide substance and create all other real entities in nature. All (apparent) interactions and diverse properties of superior entities are logical developments from inherent properties of the (postulated) quanta of matter. Quanta of matter, by their natural interactions, creates and structure all other entities including an all-encompassing medium. A wide array of physical phenomena are explained in the book [1]; from the origin of 3D matter to gravity and subatomic interactions to cosmological events, based on the simple mechanical interactions of quanta of matter. There is no more any need to envisage ‘actions at a distance’ or to invoke irrational assumptions like diversity of natural forces, mass-energy equivalence, duality of light or constancy of its speed, dual nature of electric charge, singularities, big bang, etc. This new concept will radically alter our understanding of the physical universe and at the same time, explain complex physical phenomena with simple ‘Cause and Effect’ relationships.
Overview
This paper is a condensed itinerary of Varghese's book of the same name — a running list of the conclusions of a single-substance mechanical philosophy of nature, set out in the order in which they are derived. Everything in the universe is built from one postulated entity, the quantum of matter: an indivisible, uncreatable bit of matter whose only inherent property is a tendency of its own substance to coagulate, giving it self-adhesion and hence self-constriction and self-elongation. From that single premise Varghese constructs a universal medium, the fundamental particles, atoms, light, gravity, electricity, magnetism, planetary motion and cosmology, in that order, without any second postulate.
The programme is avowedly anti-abstract. Varghese divides the world into real entities, which possess substance and can act or be acted upon, and functional entities, which exist only in the minds of rational beings. Matter alone is real; space, time, force, power, mass and — pointedly — energy are functional. Energy is "the stress developed in the universal medium due to work-done about the body", and "energy cannot act". Work-done, being an actual displacement of medium, is the real quantity. The paper accordingly discards action at a distance, the diversity of natural forces, mass–energy equivalence, the duality of light, the constancy of its speed, the dual nature of electric charge, singularities and the Big Bang. It uses an absolute frame of reference and holds that all physical constants are variable, their local values set by the local state of the medium. The author is explicit about the paper's status: it is brief on every topic, uses "very little mathematics", and its conclusions "are neither compared with nor are aimed to critisise current theories".
The construction
Quanta of matter and the 2D energy fields
A free quantum of matter reverts to one spatial dimension — a line with two ends. Compressed from its ends it grows into a two-dimensional disc; compressed all round its periphery it is forced into three dimensions, and "this is the instant of creation of 3D matter". Two quanta must touch to interact. Self-adhesion lines them up into quanta-chains, always holding an excess of members so that every chain is under end-to-end compression. Chains meeting at junctions lie in one plane at equal angles; where the quanta are of equal matter content the junctions build a perpendicular latticework filling an entire plane. Every plane in space carries one such infinite lattice, a 2D energy field, and the whole set of them constitutes the universal medium, an aether made of the same stuff as everything else. Varghese identifies the quanta in these fields with the universe's dark matter.
Each 2D energy field acts only within its own plane; what appears as three-dimensional action is the simultaneous action of many fields through a point. Distortions in the lattice propagate square by square at a fixed speed and persist until removed, and this — not any property of bodies — is the origin of inertia. The fields themselves stay static while distortions move through them, so they supply an absolute reference. Matter bodies are inert and are carried by the medium rather than moving through it, from which Varghese concludes that "aether drag is a myth" and that the medium offers no resistance to a macro body's motion. The distorted region around a body is its matter field; contraction of that field along the direction of motion, and the falling efficiency of an applied effort as a body's speed grows, are offered as the mechanical origins of length contraction and relativistic mass.
Gravity as a push
A gap in the 2D energy fields is closed at once by the surrounding compressed chains extending into it. That closing is gravitation, and it is a push: enormously stronger than the other manifestations of force, proportional to the extent of field producing it, transmitted with no carrier particle and adjusting instantaneously. All other "forces" originate from it; their supposed diversity is "a myth" and only their manner of action differs. Gravitation acts on convex curved perimeters and not on flat faces, which matters because all basic 3D particles are disc-shaped. Macro bodies are porous to the fields and cannot screen it.
The familiar attraction is then a residual: the extent of medium between two bodies is smaller than that outside them, so the push is unbalanced and drives them together. Varghese stresses that this is "relatively a minor by-product" — gravitation's main business is creating and holding together 3D matter — and that it operates only between those few constituent particles whose curved perimeters happen to share a plane at a given instant, which is why the effective gravitational constant is minute compared with its true value. He adds that the inverse-square law "breaks down on many occasions" and is not universal, that a body has only one centre of gravity, and that gravitational attraction is stronger between cooler bodies.
Photons and the particle hierarchy
Gravitational closure of a gap compresses the free quanta trapped inside it into a single 3D particle: a segmented spherical disc of critical radius, with thickness set by its matter content. Uneven curvature ejects it from the field of its birth, asymmetry of ejection starts it spinning, and it settles at the highest speed the medium can impart. That body plus its travelling distortions is a photon — a corpuscle whose surrounding distortion pattern merely "appears like" a transverse wave, which is Varghese's account of the wave side of the duality. The speed of light is a ceiling set by the medium and therefore may vary from region to region. An effort applied along or against a photon's motion changes not its speed but its matter content, that is, its frequency. Over a long passage the superposition of linear and spin motion drains matter from a photon, producing redshift on a tired-light pattern; when the drain carries a photon below the observable limit it defines an observer's horizon, equidistant in every direction, and the "inertial pockets" left behind by fully spent photons appear as the background radiation.
Superior particles are built by combination. Two complementary photons circling a common path form a biton, whose repeated curved motion strains the medium into a "primary electric field". Two perpendicular bitons make a tetron; three mutually perpendicular bitons make a hexton, and there are exactly two kinds of hexton, the positron and the electron, structurally identical but opposite in the sense of their photons' motion — hence anti-bodies to each other, annihilating back into free quanta on contact. A large layer of tetrons closing on itself is a neutron; a positron inside one tetron shell is a proton; a positron with a shell over each hemisphere is a deuteron, "presently counted as one proton plus one neutron", and deuterons are the real building blocks of nuclei, which are tubular stacks of circular sections. In a stable atom the central force holding an electron in orbit is supplied solely by apparent gravitational attraction, electron count equals positron count, and orbits obey planetary laws.
Heat, electricity and the sky
Several familiar quantities are inverted. Heating is a process of losing matter and energy content, cooling of gaining it, so a body's content is highest when coolest; thermal expansion is bitons swelling as their photons shed matter; conduction is neighbouring bitons equalising content; Brownian movement is the least dense molecule at the bottom of a fluid rising. In a conductor there is "no translatory motion of fundamental particles" at all: an electric current is the progressive extension of resultant electric fields along the wire, driven by angular deflection of atomic axes, and the "sea of electrons" is rejected. Capacitors, static electricity, the photoelectric effect and friction are all recast as atomic-alignment phenomena.
In astronomy, stars radiate by gravitational collapse with no need of fusion or fission; galaxies are steady in space, their mutual gravitational attraction overcome by electromagnetic action between their halos; a black hole is simply a body of galactic-scale matter content, invisible because its escaping photons are slowed and revert into the medium, and it recycles 3D matter to hold down the entropy of the universe. Planets do not evolve into their orbits but enter them abruptly from outside through a narrow rearward window; apparent orbits and their precession are illusory; tides consume no work because a change of shape costs nothing, and the lunar tide is calculated at 2.3 times the solar. Terrestrial magnetism arises from the secondary electric fields of free-floating atoms in the oceans, and can therefore vary at random.
Assessment
The attraction of the scheme is its severe economy and its ontological seriousness. One substance, one inherent property, contact interaction only, no fields that are not made of something, no action at a distance, and no quantity permitted to act unless it is real — a stance on the reification of energy that many dissident writers share and few state as plainly. The push account of gravitation is a genuine mechanism rather than a formula, and it has the merit of explaining why gravity appears so weak (the residual is a tiny fraction of the total push) instead of merely recording that it is. Building particles as bound circulations of light, with electron and positron structurally identical and opposite only in sense, is an elegant piece of construction, and the identification of the medium's own quanta with dark matter at least puts a candidate on the table.
The difficulties are correspondingly severe. What is offered here is a list of conclusions, not an argument: each line is asserted, the derivations live in a self-published book the author himself notes is "not reviewed or edited", and in fourteen pages exactly one quantitative claim appears — the 2.3 ratio of lunar to solar tides. Nothing else is computed, so nothing else can be checked. The word "apparent" does an enormous amount of work: attraction, repulsion, orbits, precession and forces are all "apparent", and a theory in which the observed effect is by construction an appearance of something else is very hard to bring to a test.
Where the claims are sharp enough to test, several run into direct measurement. The denial of fusion in stars is contradicted by the detection of solar neutrinos at the rate the proton–proton chain predicts, first at Homestake and now resolved flavour by flavour at SNO and Borexino; a star powered only by gravitational collapse produces no such flux. The claim that gas molecules have "no natural random motion" and keep their relative positions conflicts with the directly measured Maxwell speed distribution in molecular beams and with Perrin's temperature-scaling of Brownian displacement, which the paper reassigns to a buoyancy effect that would not operate in an isothermal sealed sample. Denying translatory motion of charge carriers in a conductor conflicts with the Hall effect, which reports the sign and number density of moving carriers, and with thermionic and cathode-ray beams in which electrons are transported bodily across a vacuum. The tired-light redshift conflicts with the (1+z) stretching of Type Ia supernova light curves, a timing measurement that photon fatigue does not produce. The assertion that tides consume no work conflicts with lunar laser ranging, which measures the Moon receding at about 3.8 cm per year — energy taken from the Earth's rotation by tidal dissipation. And "illusory" orbital precession has to contend with the radar-ranged perihelion advance of Mercury.
The paper is therefore best read as a table of contents for a system rather than as a defence of one. Varghese says as much: read in isolation, he warns, any single topic "may not make much sense". Taken on its own terms it is internally consistent and admirably free of borrowed abstractions; taken as physics it has not yet made contact with the measurements it would have to overturn.