Unification of Physics

Scientific Paper
Title	Unification of Physics
Read in full	Link to paper
Author(s)	Ken H Seto
Keywords	absolute motion, Model Mechanics, General Relativity, Inflation, E-Matrix
Published	2005
Journal	Proceedings of the NPA
Volume	2
No. of pages	22
Pages	190-200

Read the full paper here

Abstract

A new model of our Universe, called Model Mechanics (MM), has been formulated. Model Mechanics provides solutions to the following problematic cosmological observations:

1. It was discovered in 1998 that far reached regions of the Universe are in a state of accelerated expansion. This discovery disagrees with the current theory of gravity (General Relativity Theory), which posits that the expansion of the Universe should be slowing down. Model Mechanics predicted the accelerated expansion of these far reached regions of the universe in 1993.
2. The observed rotational curves of the galaxies disagree with the predictions of GRT. The existence of a dark matter was introduced to explain these anomalous rotational curves. Model Mechanics posits the existence of dark matter in the form of free S-Particles.
3. The observed path of travel of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft disagrees with the predicted path given by GRT. Pioneer 10 was observed to be in a state of accelerated motion toward the Sun. Model Mechanics explains the anomalous path of Pioneer 10 by the existence of dark matter in the form of free S-Particles in the Sun.
4. The observable universe appears to have a larger horizon than it is allowed by its age. An ad hoc hypothesis called Inflation was invented to overcome the observed horizon problem. The inflation hypothesis allows space to expand at speed faster than that of light and thus avoiding the observed horizon problem. Model Mechanics resolved the horizon problem naturally without resorting to the Inflation hypothesis.

Model Mechanics leads to a new theory of gravity called Doppler Theory of Gravity (DTG) and unites gravity with the electromagnetic and nuclear forces naturally. It also leads to a complete theory of relativity called IRT (Improved Relativity Theory). IRT includes SRT as a subset. However, unlike SRT, the equations of IRT are valid in all environments—including gravity. Model Mechanics is based on the existence of absolute motion of objects in a stationary and structured light-conducting medium called the E-Matrix. It is the main objective of this proposal to design and perform experiments to confirm the existence absolute motion in the E-Matrix.

This paper is aka "Cosmology Based On Absolute Motion".

Overview

Unification of Physics is Ken H Seto's programmatic statement of Model Mechanics, a single-substance ontology intended to replace both the space-time of General Relativity and the field/virtual-particle apparatus of quantum theory. Seto's claim is that the two "pillars" of modern physics resist unification precisely because each of them denies physical space while smuggling a mathematical surrogate for it back in — space-time in one case, the quantum field in the other. Because those surrogates carry no physical constraints, he argues, they generate the infinities that appear at the singularity in gravitation and in the self-energy calculations of Quantum Electrodynamics. He quotes Paul Dirac's 1975 New Zealand remark that neglecting infinities "in an arbitrary way ... is just not sensible mathematics" as evidence that the renormalization cure was never accepted as physics even by its own architects.

The replacement is a stationary, structured light-conducting medium called the E-Matrix, built from very thin elastic filaments called E-Strings, together with a single fundamental massive particle, the S-Particle. All motion through the E-Matrix is absolute motion; all forces are the response of S-Particles to distortions and waves in the E-Strings to which their orbits confine them. From this one picture Seto derives a theory of motion (Improved Relativity Theory, IRT), a theory of gravity (Doppler Theory of Gravity, DTG), a fifth repulsive force he calls the CRE force, and accounts of the electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions. The paper closes with four groups of proposed table-top experiments intended to detect absolute motion directly, on the reinterpretation that the Michelson-Morley Experiment null result only established isotropy in the horizontal plane and never tested the vertical.

The argument

The E-Matrix and the S-Particle

The E-Matrix occupies all of "pure space (void)"; what we perceive as space is the E-Matrix. Its E-Strings are three-dimensional elastic objects of unspecified length, mutually repulsive and held together by an unidentified external compacting force in equilibrium with that repulsion. Far from matter they are randomly oriented, so any slice of the medium looks the same; near matter some emanate from the matter, and their number through unit area follows the inverse-square law. Light is a wave-packet carried in neighbouring E-Strings and follows their geometry — a description Seto says "embodies duality" without a separate photon postulate.

Matter is built from the S-Particle, a spherical massive object repelled by the E-Strings around it, so that its motion is self-sustaining. An S-Particle orbiting an E-String helically counterclockwise at maximum speed is an electron and carries one unit of negative charge; the same motion at one third that speed is a down quark with charge −1/3; clockwise orbiting at two thirds the speed is an up quark with +2/3. The electron neutrino orbits counterclockwise but in a corkscrew motion away from the charged particles, so the E-Matrix distortion it produces has dissipated before an interaction can occur — which is why it appears not to interact electromagnetically. Mass in this scheme is "the evidence of the orbiting diameter of its S-Particle." Non-orbiting S-Particles carry no charge, interact only gravitationally, and are Seto's dark matter.

Improved Relativity Theory

IRT replaces the constancy of c as a physical fact with c as "a constant mathematical ratio": the light path length of a rod divided by the absolute time content of a clock second co-moving with that rod. Because both numerator and denominator scale by the same factor for a moving frame, the measured ratio is always 299,792,458 m per E-Matrix clock second, and the theory reproduces the appearance of invariance while retaining absolute time and physical space.

Four postulates follow: laws expressed in clock seconds and light-seconds are the same in all inertial frames, and the light speed ratio is likewise the same; but laws expressed in a defined absolute second and the physical length of a rod differ between frames, and the one-way light speed so defined is maximal in the rest frame of the E-Matrix. Among the consequences Seto lists: the physical length of a rod is unchanged in all frames, only its light path length changing with absolute motion; clock rate depends on absolute motion; the wavelength of a standard source (he uses sodium at 589 nm) is a universal constant that does not change in transit; and, contrary to special relativity, simultaneity is absolute, though the absolute time interval for simultaneous identical events differs between frames because those frames are in different states of absolute motion. Relative velocity is defined as the vector difference of the two absolute-motion components along the line joining the observers.

The IRT equations are conversions of the corresponding special-relativistic ones, written in terms of the measured frequency of a standard light source rather than a velocity: F_aa is the frequency of A's own source as measured by A, F_ab the frequency of B's identical source as measured by A. Because a moving clock may run either slower or faster than the observer's, each relation comes in a pair — time expansion T_ab = T_aa(F_aa/F_ab) and time dilation T_ab = T_aa(F_ab/F_aa), and correspondingly for light path length expansion and contraction. There are two sets of coordinate transformations, one used when the observed frame is in a lower state of absolute motion than the observer and one when it is higher. Momentum, kinetic energy, single-particle energy, gravitational red/blue shift and gravitational time contraction are all given in the same frequency-ratio form; a positive value of the shift expression denotes redshift from A's location, a negative one blueshift. Seto claims these transformations are valid "in all environments, including gravity," and sketches a procedure for the perihelion precession of Mercury: set up Sun–Mercury coordinates, propagate future positions with the IRT transformations, and read the shift off the plot.

Forces from directions of absolute motion

The core dynamical rule is taken by analogy from parallel current-carrying wires: absolute motions in the same direction produce attraction, in opposite directions repulsion. Two like-charged particles have S-Particles travelling in opposite directions at closest approach and repel; unlike charges have them travelling in the same direction and attract. Seto notes that over a full orbit the force between two charged particles alternates between attractive and repulsive, and identifies this alternation with the alternation of electric and magnetic fields in Maxwell's Equations. Because charge is not located inside the particle, he argues, no self-energy infinity arises and renormalization becomes unnecessary.

The strong force is "stacked-interaction": two like-charged quarks stacked one above the other have S-Particles moving in the same direction and therefore attract. A proton is two stacked up quarks plus electromagnetic interaction with a down quark; a neutron two stacked down quarks plus an up quark. The attraction operates only within about 10⁻¹³ cm and becomes repulsive beyond it, and pulling stacked quarks apart distorts the surrounding E-Strings further, so the required energy grows — Seto's account of confinement.

The CRE force is a proposed fifth, always-repulsive force which he identifies with inertia: the resistance of two objects to a change in their state of absolute motion. It follows from the globally divergent geometry of the E-Strings, and Seto states it increases with the square of the separation. He distinguishes it explicitly from the Cosmological Constant, which is repulsive but constant. The CRE force also drives the weak interaction: in a heavy nucleus, neutron capture weakens the stacked interactions locally and CRE decouples them. Free-neutron decay is described step by step — a free S-Particle captured into the up quark's orbit becomes a second up quark, the stacked up quarks pull the down quark closer, the stacked down quarks shift laterally until their mutual force turns repulsive, and one peels away to form an electron and an antineutrino. Muon decay is attributed to an unstable S-Particle orbit relaxing to the stable electron orbit, with the observed decay length given by v(2.2×10⁻⁶)(F_aa/F_ab) rather than by time dilation.

Gravity and the cosmological problems

DTG treats gravity as a force with a mechanism: mutual attraction from co-directed absolute motion, minus the globally repulsive CRE force. Their near-cancellation is offered as the explanation of gravity's weakness. The modified Newtonian expression multiplies GM_aM_b/r² by the frequency ratio F_ab/F_aa and by the dot product of the two objects' absolute-motion direction vectors, so that not all bodies attract: locally the dot product is +1, but beyond the observable horizon it is −1 and gravity is repulsive — Seto's account of the accelerated expansion, which he says Model Mechanics predicted in 1993, five years before its discovery. The horizon problem dissolves because Earth's absolute motion curves the surrounding E-Strings so severely that every line of sight looks back into the same region; his analogy is a fibre-optic gastroscope, which shows the same picture however the eyepiece is bent. The flatness problem does not arise because gravity is a difference of two forces rather than a braking term tuned against a critical density. Flat galactic rotation curves and the sunward anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 are both put down to free non-orbiting S-Particles concentrated in the Sun and planets.

Proposed experiments

The final third of the paper is a detailed protocol. Two pairs of caesium clocks on a 120 m rail track are separated in stages to 50 m and then 100 m at 10 m/day; a split laser beam gates one clock at each station over trials of 1 to 10 seconds. Special relativity predicts identical activation times and no dependence on detector size; Model Mechanics predicts a constant non-zero difference ΔT independent of trial length, which disappears as the detecting surface is enlarged, giving the absolute speed as V = D/(2ΔT). A slit cut in a covering dish and rotated is meant to reveal the direction, which Seto predicts will be vertical. Companion groups measure one-way and two-way light speed at both separations; he predicts the two-way speed is c and isotropic, while the one-way value comes out less than c — yet still isotropic, the same in both directions.

Assessment

The paper's genuine attraction is its economy of ontology. One medium and one particle are asked to generate charge, mass, all four interactions and a fifth besides, and several of the resulting pictures are pleasingly concrete: charge as the handedness and rate of an orbit, mass as an orbital diameter, confinement as increasing distortion of an elastic filament, the alternation of attraction and repulsion over an orbital period mapped onto the alternation of electric and magnetic fields. The reinterpretation of c as a ratio of two quantities that scale together is a legitimate move within the Lorentzian tradition, and the insistence that the Michelson-Morley Experiment tested only one plane is a testable claim rather than a rhetorical one. The experimental section is unusually specific for a paper of this kind: it names the apparatus, the separations, the trial durations, and the numerical form of the predicted signal, and it states the rival predictions side by side. That is the right way to present a dissenting programme.

The difficulties are correspondingly large, and most of them are difficulties of derivation rather than of taste. The central dynamical postulate — that co-directed absolute motion attracts and counter-directed motion repels — is asserted by analogy with parallel currents and never derived from any property of the E-Strings; nor is the "unknown outside force" that compacts them, which is left as an admitted gap at the foundation of the whole medium. The CRE force is said both to follow from an inverse-square divergence of E-String geometry and to increase with the square of separation; the paper does not reconcile the two, and no magnitude is given, so the claim that CRE plus attraction yields the observed weakness of gravity is qualitative only. The DTG equation is likewise never evaluated: no worked number is offered for Mercury's precession, for a rotation curve, or for the Pioneer 10 residual (about 8.7×10⁻¹⁰ m/s²), only a procedure by which such numbers might in principle be obtained, so the repeated claim that IRT and DTG "give matching predictions as GRT" is unsupported within the paper.

Three specific conflicts with measurement deserve naming. First, the claim that the observed muon decay length follows from an unstable orbit relaxing rather than from time dilation reproduces the special-relativistic factor only because F_aa/F_ab has been defined to equal the Lorentz factor; nothing independent fixes it, so the agreement is by construction. Second, the horizon dissolution by curved E-Strings implies that all lines of sight sample the same region, which is hard to square with the measured statistical isotropy and small-scale anisotropy structure of the Cosmic Microwave Background — different directions on the sky carry different temperature fluctuations, not the same picture. Third, the Group #2 and #4 predictions are internally strained: a one-way speed less than c that is nevertheless identical in both directions, combined with a two-way speed of exactly c, is arithmetically inconsistent unless the "measured flight time" is being corrected by the very quantity ΔT the experiment is supposed to determine. The claim that black holes "should be as abundant as the stars, and yet none of them have been positively detected" was already weak in 2005 and has since been overtaken by the stellar-orbit mass measurement at Sagittarius A* and by LIGO's binary-black-hole waveforms. Finally, the paper's dismissal of the Higgs boson as one CERN "was coming to the conclusion does not exist" was falsified in 2012 — a fair test that the paper itself invited, and one that its treatment of mass as orbital diameter does not survive unmodified.

See also

• Ken H Seto
• Aether
• Michelson-Morley Experiment
• Special Relativity
• General Relativity
• Simultaneity
• Time Dilation
• Length Contraction
• Dark Matter
• Dark Energy
• Cosmological Constant
• Expanding Universe
• Inertia
• Quantum Electrodynamics
• Quark