The Four Universal Motions in Physics
| Scientific Theory | |
|---|---|
| Name | The Four Universal Motions in Physics |
| Type | Newtonian, Particle |
| Author(s) | Robert de Hilster, David de Hilster |
| Keywords | gravity, magnetism, light, electricity, particle, motion |
| Year | 2024 |
| Website | https://fourmotions.org |
The Four Universal Motions in Physics is a model proposed by father-son team Robert de Hilster and David de Hilster which holds that light, gravity, magnetism, and electricity are all the same particle traveling at the speed of light, and that the forces we observe are the result of the different ways that particle moves. The model asserts that "all forces in the universe can be described physically and visually by combining these four motions together." It is an extension of the Particle Model and is detailed in the book Principia Mathematica 2. Further information, videos, and papers are available at the theory's website, fourmotions.org.
Overview
Rather than treating the fundamental forces as separate phenomena governed by separate laws, the Four Universal Motions model proposes a single particle that produces every force through its pattern of movement. Four distinct motions — gravitic, magnetic, luminic, and electric — account for the forces of gravity, magnetism, light, and electricity respectively. By combining these motions, the authors claim the model can describe all forces in the universe both physically and visually, without resorting to fields, wave-particle duality, or action at a distance.
The Four Motions
Gravitic Motion
Gravitic motion is the random motion of the fundamental particle, and in this model it is the most basic of the four motions — the one from which the others are built. Gravity is treated not as attraction across empty space but as a push: space is filled with vast numbers of small, fast, similar bodies (called G1 particles) travelling in straight lines in random directions, and their collisions with matter produce the effect we call gravity. It is a modern, particle-collision form of the "push" (or shadow) theory of gravitation — compare Fatio de Duillier and Georges-Louis Le Sage — developed by Robert de Hilster and David de Hilster.
Gravitic motion defined
A gravitic field is made up of moving bodies with the following characteristics:
- they travel in straight lines;
- they travel in random directions;
- they are similar in size and mass;
- they have similar speed;
- they are significantly faster than the bodies they affect;
- they are significantly smaller than the bodies they affect;
- they occur at all macro and micro levels of the universe;
- they can be any type of moving body.
The shadowing effect
Because matter is almost entirely empty space, roughly half of the G1 particles pass straight through a body while half strike it. When two bodies are near one another, each partly shadows the other from the surrounding flux, so each is struck a little harder from the outside than from the space between them. The net imbalance of impacts pushes the two bodies together — which, in this model, is what we observe as gravity, and what makes objects fall and orbit.
The live simulation below shows two large bodies (blue) struck by roughly 3,500 small particles moving in random directions. About half the particles pass through the bodies; the mutual shadowing causes the two bodies to accelerate toward each other.
Inertia
The model also reinterprets inertia. Newton's first law states that a body in motion continues at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force, but it does not explain why motion persists. In the Four Motions model, a moving body keeps moving because the random impacts of the surrounding gravitic-field particles sustain its motion:
- "Inertia: bodies in motion within a gravitic field keep in motion because of the random impacts upon that body by the smaller bodies in the gravitic field." — de Hilster & de Hilster
The simulation below is the same collision model with a single large body: after an initial push to the right it continues moving, acted on only by random particle impacts, with no apparent slowdown.
Two gravities
The model distinguishes two gravities: "Gravity one," produced by G1 particles moving randomly at the celestial level, and "Gravity two," produced by much faster G2 particles moving randomly at the quantum level, which keep the G1 particles in orbit around the atomic nucleus.
For the authors' fuller treatment, with these animations, see the source page: fourmotions.org — Gravitic Motion.
Magnetic Motion
Magnetic motion is the orbiting (circular) motion of the fundamental particle. In this model, magnetic fields are made of the same G1 particles that make up gravity, light, and electricity; a magnetic field is simply G1 particles caught in orbits — around atomic nuclei, or in larger orbits reaching well beyond the atomic scale. Magnetic motion was described in 2006 by the Romanian scientist Ionel Dinu.
Magnetic motion defined
An orbiting body is a magnetic motion and constitutes a magnetic field. Attraction, repulsion, and equilibrium occur when distinct orbiting systems come close to one another. A magnetic field is made up of moving bodies that:
- travel in orbits;
- are guided by a gravitic field around a central body or bodies;
- cause attraction when two opposite magnetic motions come near each other;
- cause repulsion when two like magnetic motions come near each other;
- are similar in size and mass;
- can vary in speed according to the shape of the orbit;
- occur at all macro and micro levels of the universe.
Second gravity
What makes the G1 particles orbit is a second gravitic field made of faster G2 particles (one level down in the universe). If atomic nuclei are pictured as suns and G1 particles as comets, one can see how atoms guide G1 particles into orbit; the authors call these paths "gravity tubes," and they are what guide G1 particles into orbits around a magnet.
Pure magnetic motion
Any orbiting body in a gravitic field is considered pure magnetic motion.
Opposite directions: attraction
When two magnetic motions approach each other rotating in opposite directions, they reinforce one another and the two systems move together — producing attraction.
Same direction: repulsion
When two magnetic motions rotating in the same direction come together, they create a disturbance that forces the flows apart — producing repulsion.
The Dinu effect
The magnetic motion is inspired by the underwater experiments of the Romanian scientist Ionel Dinu — the authors call it the "Dinu effect." Two cylinders rotating under water are observed to attract or repel in a way that mirrors magnetic behaviour. (A video of the experiment is available on the source page.)
For the authors' fuller treatment, with these animations, see the source page: fourmotions.org — Magnetic Motion.
Luminic Motion
Luminic motion is the movement of groups of bodies travelling in the same direction at the same speed — what we commonly call light, or electromagnetic waves. Because the wave pattern is a property of how the particles move rather than of a wave in a medium, this motion is offered as a resolution of the wave–particle duality of light: light is a stream of particles whose grouped, repetitive motion gives it wavelength. The luminic wave was first postulated by Robert de Hilster in May 2015 and communicated to David de Hilster and others in June 2015; it was the idea that led the authors to the four universal motions.
Luminic motion defined
Luminic waves have the following characteristics:
- they consist of groups of particles travelling together;
- they have fairly regular spacing between the groups;
- the particles are similar in size and mass;
- they have an overall similar speed;
- they are significantly smaller than the bodies they affect;
- they occur at all macro and micro levels of the universe;
- they convey information across distances.
Origin of the luminic wave
The luminic wave was first postulated by Robert de Hilster in May 2015 and communicated to David de Hilster in June 2015. The visualization evolved from Robert's original drawing, through David's early sine-wave renderings, to fuller simulations — including the animation below of luminic waves in simulated three dimensions.
For the authors' fuller treatment, with these animations, see the source page: fourmotions.org — Luminic Motion.
Electric Motion
Electric motion is the directional flow of the fundamental particle along a gravitic path that is not an orbit. Rather than circling a single central mass, the particles are guided by many masses lined up in a structured path — a "gravitic tube" — such as the nuclei of copper atoms in a wire guiding electricity, or the molecules in air that guide a lightning strike. In this model the flowing particles carry no charge; electric current, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves are all the same G1 particles in different patterns of motion. Electric motion was described in 2015 by David de Hilster.
Electric motion defined
Electric motion is made up of bodies that:
- travel in a non-orbital path;
- are guided by a path of bodies that form a gravitic tube;
- do not have charge;
- are similar in size and mass;
- can have an overall similar speed;
- are significantly smaller than the bodies that guide them;
- occur at all macro and micro levels of the universe.
Guided by atomic structure
Electricity is guided by atomic structures. As the particles travel down a wire they also create magnetic fields and spiral, by the nature of how copper atoms are arranged in a lattice and of their G1 orbital flows. In a circuit, the same flowing G1 particles account together for the electric current, the surrounding magnetic field, and the emitted electromagnetic waves.
For the authors' fuller treatment, with this animation, see the source page: fourmotions.org — Electric Motion.
Relationship to the Particle Model
The Four Universal Motions build directly on the Particle Model, which proposes that the entire universe and everything in it can be described as particles. Where the Particle Model establishes the particles themselves (such as the G1 and G2 particles), the Four Universal Motions describe how the movement of those particles gives rise to the four observable forces.