General Etherodynamics, Chapter Abstracts (English Translation): Difference between revisions

Scientific Paper
Title	General Etherodynamics, Chapter Abstracts (English Translation)
Read in full	Link to paper
Author(s)	Walter Rella, Vladimir A Aszukovsky
Keywords	ether
Published	2003
No. of pages	12

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Abstract

Abstract of individual chapters

Overview

This document is not a research paper but an English digest, prepared by Walter Rella, of the eleven chapters of General Ethero-Dynamics by V. A. Azjukowskij — the Russian physicist Vladimir Atsyukovsky, whose name is transliterated in several ways and who is catalogued on this wiki as Vladimir A Aszukovsky. The original is a book issued under the imprint of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and what is offered here is a chapter-by-chapter summary of it. It should be read accordingly: claims arrive as conclusions, with the supporting derivations left behind in the Russian text.

The programme is the most thoroughgoing kind of mechanical Aether theory. Atsyukovsky holds that space is filled with a material medium having the properties of a real — that is, viscous and compressible — gas, whose indivisible element he names the "amer" after Democritus. Everything else is built from it. Elementary particles are toroidal vortex rings in this gas; fields are patterns of its flow; the electric field is a set of open vortex tubes and the magnetic field the axial flow within them; light is a chain of screw vortices; gravitation is thermal diffusion. The framework is explicitly presented as materialist philosophy as much as physics — Chapter 1 attacks the "idealistic ideology" it holds responsible for a methodological crisis in physics, and Chapter 3 states that "all methodological sentences of the ethero-dynamic are fully in line with the theses of dialectical materialism". The declared invariants are four: matter, space, time, and motion as their summary. Neither the four-dimensional interval nor the Speed of Light qualifies, since neither is present in "all material formations", and applying an electromagnetic constant to gravitation in General Relativity is dismissed as a category error.

The argument

Method and the ether's parameters

Chapters 1–3 argue that every mathematical description must be preceded by a qualitative model, that models should be built by analogy with the macroscopic world, and that because the same laws rule every hierarchical level, there are "no special laws for the micro-cosmos". Space is Euclidean, time is one-directional, and the universe is stationary, eternal, and without beginning or end.

Chapter 4 makes the medium quantitative by a single equivalence. Setting the vacuum permittivity ε₀ numerically equal to the ether density ρ_e, and taking the electric field strength E as proportional to the ether's angular velocity v_k, the electric field energy becomes the kinetic energy of a moving gas:

W = ∫(ρ_ev_k²/2)dV = ∫(ε₀E²/2)dV, ρ_e = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² kg·m⁻³

From this one anchor, and a few further assumptions, the whole set of near-Earth ether parameters is claimed to follow: density, pressure, specific energy, temperature, velocity, viscosity, thermal conductance and capacity, plus the amer's mass, size, number density, mean free path and mean speed. An elementary volume of ether admits diffusion, forward flow (laminar or a longitudinal wave) and rotational flow (open, "hose type", or closed, toroidal) — seven motions in all, each describable by standard aeromechanics.

Nucleons as screw-type toroidal vortices

Chapters 5–6 are the technical core. A toroidal vortex forms spontaneously where two gas streams meet, because ambient pressure energy converts into rotational kinetic energy; the interior is rarefied, the rim strongly condensed, and a boundary layer of lower temperature and viscosity keeps it stable. Such a vortex carries both a toroidal and an annular velocity component — a screw motion — with the toroidal component decreasing outward and the annular increasing, by conservation of momentum.

The Proton is identified with exactly this object. Its magnetic field is the toroidal flow communicated to the surrounding ether; its electric field is the annular flow; the sign of the charge is the handedness of the screw. The two numbers are fixed from measurement. Writing the magnetic moment as μ_p = k′ρ_ec v_TV_p with k′ a dimensionless shape coefficient, and taking μ_p = 1.41 × 10⁻²⁶ J·T⁻¹, gives v_T ≈ 3.76 × 10²⁰ m/s. Writing the charge as the annular circulation of condensed ether over the proton's surface, q = ρ_ev_AS_p, and taking q = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, gives v_A ≈ 1.15 × 10²¹ m/s. This last is presented plainly: the ether at the proton's outer surface moves far faster than light, and at the inner boundary some 400 times faster still.

The Neutron is the same vortex wrapped in an extra boundary layer of order 10⁻¹⁶ m, which partly masks the toroidal velocity and entirely extinguishes the annular one — hence a weaker magnetic moment and no charge. The strong interaction is the reduced ether pressure in the boundary layer between adjacent nucleons: the outside-inside difference is given as 2 × 10³² Pa, large compared with anything else but small against the 1.3 × 10³⁶ Pa ether pressure of free space. Nuclei are built from nucleons held by shared boundary layers, with the alpha particle as the stable structural unit, and the weak interaction is attributed to asynchronous surface waves that disturb the inter-nucleon layer.

Atoms, electromagnetism, light

Chapter 7 reads electron shells as "associated vortices" of opposite screw sense to the proton, the multilayer analogue being the Taylor vortex of fluid mechanics. Schrödinger's Ψ is reinterpreted as the ether density distribution rather than a probability amplitude — extrema mark vortex centres, zeros mark vortex boundaries, quantum numbers describe vortex arrangement. Covalent bonding is vortices merging, ionic bonding is anti-parallel surface flows lowering the pressure between them, van der Waals attraction is a flow gradient. The chapter then extends the hierarchy outward through vortices of second, third and fourth order to a macroscopic "aura" reaching from 1 cm to 100 m, described as a fractal pattern with five orders of magnitude between levels, and living matter is said to elicit and perceive patterns in it, "giving rise to telepathy, telekinesis etc."

Chapter 8 defines charge as annular angular momentum of the ether and derives electromagnetic units within CGS rather than requiring a separate electrical base unit — a result the author calls of paramount importance, since it removes the impression that electromagnetism is "something strange to the rest of physics". A charge accelerated in a field is said to lose potential energy as E = E₀(1 − v²/c²), so that no charged particle can be pushed past c. Maxwell's, Faraday's and Ampère's equations are claimed to follow, along with longitudinal propagation of the electric field and anomalies in mutual induction.

Chapter 9 denies that light is an electromagnetic wave, arguing from a claimed difference in penetration: light is said to pervade sea water "by 5–6 orders of magnitude farther" than an electromagnetic wave. Light is instead a twin chain of counter-rotating screw vortices, which is offered as a natural account of wave-particle duality, polarisation and spin — though the digest notes candidly that the double-slit experiment is not addressed, Azjukowskij having "skipped their discussion". Cosmologically, Redshift is photon energy loss to ether viscosity, exponential with a time constant of about 10 billion years, and the Cosmic Microwave Background is the terminal state of photons that have lost their structure and direction — which also sets the horizon of the visible universe without the universe itself being finite.

Gravity, growth of the Earth, cosmology

Chapter 10 makes gravitation a thermo-diffusive process: massive matter exchanges heat with the ether, temperature gradients bring pressure gradients, and ether flows toward matter. Gravitational excitations propagate at the speed of sound in the ether, 4.3 × 10²³ m/s, which the author reconciles with Laplace's argument that gravity must propagate at no less than 5 × 10⁷ times c for the solar system to be stable. Because ether is continuously absorbed, massive bodies grow — exponentially, with a doubling time of 3–4 billion years — and the expanding Earth spreads its continents and raises the roughly 60,000 km global ridge system. Planetary magnetic fields arise from Coriolis-driven vortex motion of the ingested ether.

Chapter 11 has ether circulating within spiral galaxies and between them, so that galaxies form and dissolve while the entropy of the universe stays constant. Hidden ethereal mass exceeds the mass in stars by orders of magnitude. Ether viscosity halves orbital and galactic angular momentum in 3–30 billion years. An ether wind blowing onto the Earth from the north is invoked to explain the concentration of continents in the northern hemisphere, the colder southern climate, and the "40 day roar" storms of the southern latitudes.

Assessment

The attraction of the programme is its refusal to leave anything unexplained by a mechanism. Where the standard account is content to say that charge is a conserved quantum number, Atsyukovsky says what it is made of and how much of it there is; where quantum mechanics offers a probability amplitude, he offers a density. Several of the numbers are also better than one expects. The nuclear pressure difference of 2 × 10³² Pa is the right size: eight MeV of binding per nucleon in a nucleon volume of about 4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ m³ gives an energy density near 3 × 10³² Pa, so the figure is not plucked from the air. The charge relation q = ρ_ev_AS_p is self-consistent with a proton radius near 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁵ m. The 60,000 km ridge figure is right, and the 10-billion-year redshift time constant corresponds to a Hubble parameter near 100 km/s/Mpc, which is at least in the observed neighbourhood.

The foundation, however, does not bear the weight put on it. Everything numerical rests on the identification ρ_e = ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹², and that identification is an artefact of SI units. ε₀ is not a measured property of space but a conversion factor fixed by the definitions of the ampere and the metre — in Gaussian units it equals 1, and in Heaviside-Lorentz units it disappears. The energy equation only gives ρ_e = ε₀k² where k is the constant relating E to v_k; setting k = 1 is dimensionally illegitimate and unit-dependent. Since the ether pressure, temperature, viscosity, amer mass and every downstream velocity are all scaled from ρ_e, none of them is determined. A different choice of units would multiply the whole table by an arbitrary factor.

The superluminal ether velocities compound the problem and sit badly with the rest of the theory. The annular flow at 1.15 × 10²¹ m/s is about 4 × 10¹² c; the sound speed of 4.3 × 10²³ m/s is about 1.4 × 10¹⁵ c. That last figure is also seven orders of magnitude larger than the 5 × 10⁷ c bound the paper cites from Laplace, so the "agreement" is only that a lower bound is satisfied. Meanwhile Chapter 8 derives that no charged particle can exceed c — a limit the medium constituting that particle violates by fifteen orders of magnitude. Note further that v_T is fixed only up to the undetermined shape coefficient k′, so it is a fitted number, not a derived one.

Several specific claims can be checked and fail. The seawater argument in Chapter 9 has the physics backwards: extremely low frequency radio penetrates seawater to a skin depth of roughly 30 m at 76 Hz, while the clearest ocean water attenuates blue-green light over a comparable few tens of metres. The two are of the same order, not five or six orders apart, and the whole case for separating light from electromagnetism rests on that comparison. The expanding-Earth claim of doubling in 3–4 billion years implies a fractional mass growth of about 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ per year; lunar laser ranging constrains changes in the Earth-Moon gravitational parameter at the 10⁻¹³ per year level, three orders of magnitude tighter. The ether wind said to blow from the north conflicts with modern optical resonator tests, which bound the anisotropy of the Speed of Light at parts in 10¹⁷ — many orders below what a wind of the strength required by Miller's claimed signal would produce. And a neutron built by wrapping a charged vortex in a screening layer should leave some residual charge, whereas the neutron's charge is measured to be zero to better than 10⁻²¹ of the elementary charge; the mechanism offers no reason for exact cancellation.

There are internal strains as well. Chapter 3 asserts that "no preferred frame of whatever type for matter, space, time and motion exists", while Chapters 4 and 11 posit a material medium filling space and a definite ether wind — the two statements can only be reconciled by reading the first as a claim about hierarchical levels rather than reference frames, which the translation does not make clear. Chapter 8 states that charge "has the dimension of momentum (cm·sec⁻¹)" while its own table assigns it g·sec⁻¹, a mass flow rate; neither is momentum. And the energy law E = E₀(1 − v²/c²) is not the relativistic function, so it makes different predictions for accelerator dynamics — predictions the digest does not compare with the storage-ring data that fix particle energies to parts in 10⁵.

Finally, the excursion in Chapter 7 from van der Waals forces to a metre-scale "aura" supporting telepathy and telekinesis is not supported by anything in the preceding aeromechanics, and its presence in the same argument as the nucleon model does the latter no favours.

As a summary document this is useful: it lays out, compactly and without evasion, what a fully mechanical ether theory has to commit itself to. As a scientific case it cannot be evaluated from the digest alone, and the parts that can be checked here — the units argument at its foundation, the seawater comparison, the Earth's growth rate — do not survive.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Abstract of individual chapters
+==Overview==
+This document is not a research paper but an English digest, prepared by [[Walter Rella]], of the eleven chapters of ''General Ethero-Dynamics'' by V. A. Azjukowskij — the Russian physicist Vladimir Atsyukovsky, whose name is transliterated in several ways and who is catalogued on this wiki as [[Vladimir A Aszukovsky]]. The original is a book issued under the imprint of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and what is offered here is a chapter-by-chapter summary of it. It should be read accordingly: claims arrive as conclusions, with the supporting derivations left behind in the Russian text.
+The programme is the most thoroughgoing kind of mechanical [[Aether]] theory. Atsyukovsky holds that space is filled with a material medium having the properties of a real — that is, viscous and compressible — gas, whose indivisible element he names the "amer" after Democritus. Everything else is built from it. Elementary particles are toroidal vortex rings in this gas; fields are patterns of its flow; the electric field is a set of open vortex tubes and the magnetic field the axial flow within them; light is a chain of screw vortices; gravitation is thermal diffusion. The framework is explicitly presented as materialist philosophy as much as physics — Chapter 1 attacks the "idealistic ideology" it holds responsible for a methodological crisis in physics, and Chapter 3 states that "all methodological sentences of the ethero-dynamic are fully in line with the theses of dialectical materialism". The declared invariants are four: matter, space, time, and motion as their summary. Neither the four-dimensional interval nor the [[Speed of Light]] qualifies, since neither is present in "all material formations", and applying an electromagnetic constant to gravitation in [[General Relativity]] is dismissed as a category error.
+==The argument==
+===Method and the ether's parameters===
+Chapters 1–3 argue that every mathematical description must be preceded by a qualitative model, that models should be built by analogy with the macroscopic world, and that because the same laws rule every hierarchical level, there are "no special laws for the micro-cosmos". Space is Euclidean, time is one-directional, and the universe is stationary, eternal, and without beginning or end.
+Chapter 4 makes the medium quantitative by a single equivalence. Setting the vacuum permittivity ε<sub>0</sub> numerically equal to the ether density ρ<sub>e</sub>, and taking the electric field strength ''E'' as proportional to the ether's angular velocity ''v''<sub>k</sub>, the electric field energy becomes the kinetic energy of a moving gas:
+:''W'' = ∫(ρ<sub>e</sub>''v''<sub>k</sub><sup>2</sup>/2)d''V'' = ∫(ε<sub>0</sub>''E''<sup>2</sup>/2)d''V'',  ρ<sub>e</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup> kg·m<sup>−3</sup>
+From this one anchor, and a few further assumptions, the whole set of near-Earth ether parameters is claimed to follow: density, pressure, specific energy, temperature, velocity, viscosity, thermal conductance and capacity, plus the amer's mass, size, number density, mean free path and mean speed. An elementary volume of ether admits diffusion, forward flow (laminar or a longitudinal wave) and rotational flow (open, "hose type", or closed, toroidal) — seven motions in all, each describable by standard aeromechanics.
+===Nucleons as screw-type toroidal vortices===
+Chapters 5–6 are the technical core. A toroidal vortex forms spontaneously where two gas streams meet, because ambient pressure energy converts into rotational kinetic energy; the interior is rarefied, the rim strongly condensed, and a boundary layer of lower temperature and viscosity keeps it stable. Such a vortex carries both a toroidal and an annular velocity component — a screw motion — with the toroidal component decreasing outward and the annular increasing, by conservation of momentum.
+The [[Proton]] is identified with exactly this object. Its magnetic field is the toroidal flow communicated to the surrounding ether; its electric field is the annular flow; the ''sign'' of the charge is the handedness of the screw. The two numbers are fixed from measurement. Writing the magnetic moment as μ<sub>p</sub> = ''k''′ρ<sub>e</sub>''c v''<sub>T</sub>''V''<sub>p</sub> with ''k''′ a dimensionless shape coefficient, and taking μ<sub>p</sub> = 1.41 × 10<sup>−26</sup> J·T<sup>−1</sup>, gives ''v''<sub>T</sub> ≈ 3.76 × 10<sup>20</sup> m/s. Writing the charge as the annular circulation of condensed ether over the proton's surface, ''q'' = ρ<sub>e</sub>''v''<sub>A</sub>''S''<sub>p</sub>, and taking ''q'' = 1.6 × 10<sup>−19</sup> C, gives ''v''<sub>A</sub> ≈ 1.15 × 10<sup>21</sup> m/s. This last is presented plainly: the ether at the proton's outer surface moves far faster than light, and at the inner boundary some 400 times faster still.
+The [[Neutron]] is the same vortex wrapped in an extra boundary layer of order 10<sup>−16</sup> m, which partly masks the toroidal velocity and entirely extinguishes the annular one — hence a weaker magnetic moment and no charge. The strong interaction is the reduced ether pressure in the boundary layer between adjacent nucleons: the outside-inside difference is given as 2 × 10<sup>32</sup> Pa, large compared with anything else but small against the 1.3 × 10<sup>36</sup> Pa ether pressure of free space. Nuclei are built from nucleons held by shared boundary layers, with the alpha particle as the stable structural unit, and the weak interaction is attributed to asynchronous surface waves that disturb the inter-nucleon layer.
+===Atoms, electromagnetism, light===
+Chapter 7 reads electron shells as "associated vortices" of opposite screw sense to the proton, the multilayer analogue being the Taylor vortex of fluid mechanics. Schrödinger's Ψ is reinterpreted as the ether density distribution rather than a probability amplitude — extrema mark vortex centres, zeros mark vortex boundaries, quantum numbers describe vortex arrangement. Covalent bonding is vortices merging, ionic bonding is anti-parallel surface flows lowering the pressure between them, van der Waals attraction is a flow gradient. The chapter then extends the hierarchy outward through vortices of second, third and fourth order to a macroscopic "aura" reaching from 1 cm to 100 m, described as a fractal pattern with five orders of magnitude between levels, and living matter is said to elicit and perceive patterns in it, "giving rise to telepathy, telekinesis etc."
+Chapter 8 defines charge as annular angular momentum of the ether and derives electromagnetic units within CGS rather than requiring a separate electrical base unit — a result the author calls of paramount importance, since it removes the impression that electromagnetism is "something strange to the rest of physics". A charge accelerated in a field is said to lose potential energy as ''E'' = ''E''<sub>0</sub>(1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>), so that no charged particle can be pushed past ''c''. Maxwell's, Faraday's and Ampère's equations are claimed to follow, along with longitudinal propagation of the electric field and anomalies in mutual induction.
+Chapter 9 denies that light ''is'' an electromagnetic wave, arguing from a claimed difference in penetration: light is said to pervade sea water "by 5–6 orders of magnitude farther" than an electromagnetic wave. Light is instead a twin chain of counter-rotating screw vortices, which is offered as a natural account of wave-particle duality, polarisation and spin — though the digest notes candidly that the double-slit experiment is not addressed, Azjukowskij having "skipped their discussion". Cosmologically, [[Redshift]] is photon energy loss to ether viscosity, exponential with a time constant of about 10 billion years, and the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]] is the terminal state of photons that have lost their structure and direction — which also sets the horizon of the visible universe without the universe itself being finite.
+===Gravity, growth of the Earth, cosmology===
+Chapter 10 makes gravitation a thermo-diffusive process: massive matter exchanges heat with the ether, temperature gradients bring pressure gradients, and ether flows toward matter. Gravitational excitations propagate at the speed of sound in the ether, 4.3 × 10<sup>23</sup> m/s, which the author reconciles with Laplace's argument that gravity must propagate at no less than 5 × 10<sup>7</sup> times ''c'' for the solar system to be stable. Because ether is continuously absorbed, massive bodies grow — exponentially, with a doubling time of 3–4 billion years — and the expanding Earth spreads its continents and raises the roughly 60,000 km global ridge system. Planetary magnetic fields arise from Coriolis-driven vortex motion of the ingested ether.
+Chapter 11 has ether circulating within spiral galaxies and between them, so that galaxies form and dissolve while the entropy of the universe stays constant. Hidden ethereal mass exceeds the mass in stars by orders of magnitude. Ether viscosity halves orbital and galactic angular momentum in 3–30 billion years. An ether wind blowing onto the Earth from the north is invoked to explain the concentration of continents in the northern hemisphere, the colder southern climate, and the "40 day roar" storms of the southern latitudes.
+==Assessment==
+The attraction of the programme is its refusal to leave anything unexplained by a mechanism. Where the standard account is content to say that charge is a conserved quantum number, Atsyukovsky says what it is made of and how much of it there is; where quantum mechanics offers a probability amplitude, he offers a density. Several of the numbers are also better than one expects. The nuclear pressure difference of 2 × 10<sup>32</sup> Pa is the right size: eight MeV of binding per nucleon in a nucleon volume of about 4 × 10<sup>−45</sup> m<sup>3</sup> gives an energy density near 3 × 10<sup>32</sup> Pa, so the figure is not plucked from the air. The charge relation ''q'' = ρ<sub>e</sub>''v''<sub>A</sub>''S''<sub>p</sub> is self-consistent with a proton radius near 1.1 × 10<sup>−15</sup> m. The 60,000 km ridge figure is right, and the 10-billion-year redshift time constant corresponds to a Hubble parameter near 100 km/s/Mpc, which is at least in the observed neighbourhood.
+The foundation, however, does not bear the weight put on it. Everything numerical rests on the identification ρ<sub>e</sub> = ε<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup>, and that identification is an artefact of SI units. ε<sub>0</sub> is not a measured property of space but a conversion factor fixed by the definitions of the ampere and the metre — in Gaussian units it equals 1, and in Heaviside-Lorentz units it disappears. The energy equation only gives ρ<sub>e</sub> = ε<sub>0</sub>''k''<sup>2</sup> where ''k'' is the constant relating ''E'' to ''v''<sub>k</sub>; setting ''k'' = 1 is dimensionally illegitimate and unit-dependent. Since the ether pressure, temperature, viscosity, amer mass and every downstream velocity are all scaled from ρ<sub>e</sub>, none of them is determined. A different choice of units would multiply the whole table by an arbitrary factor.
+The superluminal ether velocities compound the problem and sit badly with the rest of the theory. The annular flow at 1.15 × 10<sup>21</sup> m/s is about 4 × 10<sup>12</sup> ''c''; the sound speed of 4.3 × 10<sup>23</sup> m/s is about 1.4 × 10<sup>15</sup> ''c''. That last figure is also seven orders of magnitude larger than the 5 × 10<sup>7</sup> ''c'' bound the paper cites from Laplace, so the "agreement" is only that a lower bound is satisfied. Meanwhile Chapter 8 derives that no charged particle can exceed ''c'' — a limit the medium constituting that particle violates by fifteen orders of magnitude. Note further that ''v''<sub>T</sub> is fixed only up to the undetermined shape coefficient ''k''′, so it is a fitted number, not a derived one.
+Several specific claims can be checked and fail. The seawater argument in Chapter 9 has the physics backwards: extremely low frequency radio penetrates seawater to a skin depth of roughly 30 m at 76 Hz, while the clearest ocean water attenuates blue-green light over a comparable few tens of metres. The two are of the same order, not five or six orders apart, and the whole case for separating light from electromagnetism rests on that comparison. The expanding-Earth claim of doubling in 3–4 billion years implies a fractional mass growth of about 2 × 10<sup>−10</sup> per year; lunar laser ranging constrains changes in the Earth-Moon gravitational parameter at the 10<sup>−13</sup> per year level, three orders of magnitude tighter. The ether wind said to blow from the north conflicts with modern optical resonator tests, which bound the anisotropy of the [[Speed of Light]] at parts in 10<sup>17</sup> — many orders below what a wind of the strength required by [[Dayton C Miller|Miller]]'s claimed signal would produce. And a neutron built by wrapping a charged vortex in a screening layer should leave some residual charge, whereas the neutron's charge is measured to be zero to better than 10<sup>−21</sup> of the elementary charge; the mechanism offers no reason for exact cancellation.
+There are internal strains as well. Chapter 3 asserts that "no preferred frame of whatever type for matter, space, time and motion exists", while Chapters 4 and 11 posit a material medium filling space and a definite ether wind — the two statements can only be reconciled by reading the first as a claim about hierarchical levels rather than reference frames, which the translation does not make clear. Chapter 8 states that charge "has the dimension of momentum (cm·sec<sup>−1</sup>)" while its own table assigns it g·sec<sup>−1</sup>, a mass flow rate; neither is momentum. And the energy law ''E'' = ''E''<sub>0</sub>(1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>) is not the relativistic function, so it makes different predictions for accelerator dynamics — predictions the digest does not compare with the storage-ring data that fix particle energies to parts in 10<sup>5</sup>.
+Finally, the excursion in Chapter 7 from van der Waals forces to a metre-scale "aura" supporting telepathy and telekinesis is not supported by anything in the preceding aeromechanics, and its presence in the same argument as the nucleon model does the latter no favours.
+As a summary document this is useful: it lays out, compactly and without evasion, what a fully mechanical ether theory has to commit itself to. As a scientific case it cannot be evaluated from the digest alone, and the parts that can be checked here — the units argument at its foundation, the seawater comparison, the Earth's growth rate — do not survive.
+==See also==
+* [[Vladimir A Aszukovsky]]
+* [[Walter Rella]]
+* [[Aether]]
+* [[Proton]]
+* [[Neutron]]
+* [[Electron]]
+* [[Photon]]
+* [[Nucleus]]
+* [[Atom]]
+* [[Erwin Schrödinger]]
+* [[Quantum mechanics]]
+* [[Maxwell's Equations]]
+* [[Michael Faraday]]
+* [[André-Marie Ampère]]
+* [[Speed of Light]]
+* [[Tired Light]]
+* [[Redshift]]
+* [[Hubble Constant]]
+* [[Cosmic Microwave Background]]
+* [[Big Bang]]
+* [[Expanding Universe]]
+* [[Dayton C Miller]]
+* [[Albert A. Michelson]]
+* [[Michelson-Morley Experiment]]
+* [[Dark Matter]]
+* [[Entropy]]
 [[Category:Scientific Paper|general etherodynamics chapter abstracts english translation]]
 [[Category:Aether|general etherodynamics chapter abstracts english translation]]
+[[Category:Vortex Theory]]
+[[Category:Toroidal Ring]]
+[[Category:Nuclear Structure]]
+[[Category:Cosmology]]
+[[Category:Gravity]]
+[[Category:Philosophy of Science]]