"Emission & Regeneration" Unified Field Theory

Scientific Paper
Title	"Emission & Regeneration" Unified Field Theory
Read in full	Link to paper
Author(s)	Osvaldo Domann
Keywords	unified field theory, angular momentum, dark matter, light speed, particle
Published	2012
Journal	Proceedings of the NPA
Volume	9
No. of pages	13
Pages	128-140

Read the full paper here

Abstract

This work presents a relativistic mathematical model for basic subatomic particles (BSPs) like electrons, positrons and neutrinos, model that is based on fundamental particles that are continuously emitted and absorbed by the subatomic particles. Subatomic particles interact via the longitudinal and transversal angular momentum of their fundamental particles, angular momentum that are proportional to the energy of the subatomic particles. The rules of interaction between the longitudinal and transversal angular momentum of fundamental particles are specified and the corresponding equations for the calculations of the linear momentum between subatomic particles are presented. From the model results that the radius of a subatomic particle is inverse proportional to its energy and, that the incremental time to generate the force out of linear momentum is quantized. All known forces are derived as rotors from one vector field generated by the longitudinal and transversal angular momentum of the fundamental particles. The equation of the linear momentum between two static BSPs is analyzed in detail to show why protons in an atomic nucleus coexist, how gravitation is generated and why heavy atomic nuclei radiate. The mechanism of elastic and destructive scattering of particles, based on the interactions between fundamental particles, is described. A classification of BSPs with light speed is presented and the photon introduced as a sequence of BSPs. Based on the quantification of the irradiated energy of BSPs, the Bragg equation, the Stern Gerlach bending and the flattening of galaxies' rotation curve are derived, without making use respectively of the wave-particle, the magnetic spin moment and dark matter, thus introducing a different physical interpretation of the underlying phenomenon. The two states of the spin of BSPs is replaced by the pair building of two types of BSPs, namely the accelerating and decelerating BSPs. (For full version see related website)

Overview

Presented at the 2012 NPA conference in Albuquerque as an extract from Osvaldo Domann's longer 2003 e-book, this paper sets out what he elsewhere calls the "Emission and Regeneration" Unified Field Theory. Its starting complaint is methodological: today's theoretical physics "consists in introducing first all known forces by separate definitions independent of their origin", then postulating a particle wave to reach quantum mechanics, then inferring interactions from gauge invariance and minimal substitution. Domann proposes instead a single substrate from which every force is to be derived.

In his model the electron, positron and neutrino are Basic Subatomic Particles (BSPs); the proton, neutron and photon are complex BSPs built from them. A BSP is not a point but a region: its energy is distributed through space around a radius r_o and stored in fundamental particles (FPs) that the BSP continuously emits and by which it is continuously regenerated. FPs carry longitudinal and transversal angular momentum, and all interaction consists of postulated crossing rules between these momenta. The departures from the standard account are sweeping: charge is not a primitive but the energy difference between constituent counts, measured in joules; spin is replaced by two types of particle; de Broglie's matter wave is replaced by a radius–energy relation; dark matter is replaced by a second gravitational term; and cosmological redshift becomes an energy loss on bending rather than expansion — "the red shift is not the result of an expansion of the universe (Big Bang)."

The model

Energy distribution and the definition of charge

The total energy of a BSP splits as E² = E_o² + E_p², with a distribution function dφ apportioning it into differential volumes occupied by FPs, following an inverse-square radial density. Emitted FPs carry longitudinal angular momentum J_e; regenerating FPs carry longitudinal J_s and transversal J_n. Field magnitudes dH are defined as square roots of the energy stored in an FP — an unusual construction that lets the interaction laws be written as cross products yielding energies directly.

The rotation sense of the emitted longitudinal momentum "defines the sign of the charge". Charge itself is then eliminated as a primitive: it is the difference between the numbers of positive and negative constituent BSPs multiplied by the rest energy of the electron, so that "the unit of the charge thus is the Joule (or kg)." The proton is assigned n₊ = 919, n₋ = 918 with binding energy −0.43371 MeV, giving 0.511 MeV of charge; the neutron 919 and 919, binding −0.34936 MeV, giving zero. Electric current converts to mass current through I_m = (m/q)I_c = 5.685631378 × 10⁻¹² kg/s per ampere.

Three interaction postulates, four force laws

Three postulates govern FP crossings: longitudinal momenta from two static BSPs generate transversal momentum; transversal momenta from two moving BSPs generate further momentum; and opposed momenta from a moving BSP may be appropriated by the regenerating FPs of a static probe. Each yields an integral equation for linear momentum — a static equation, a dynamic equation, and two induction equations. From these Domann claims to derive Coulomb, Ampère, Lorentz, Maxwell, gravitation and Bragg, with all forces expressible as rotors of a single field: F = (1/8π)(d/dt)∮∮H·dl.

The five regions, nuclear stability and gravitation

The paper's centrepiece is the analysis of the static equation for two identical BSPs at separation d, parameterised by λ = d/r_o. Five regions emerge: from λ = 0 to 0.1 the momentum vanishes; from 0.1 to 1.8 it grows as d²; from 1.8 to 2.1 it is constant (the maximum sits at λ = 2); from 2.1 to 518 it falls as 1/d; and beyond 518 as 1/d², where Coulomb's law is recovered. The transition value 518 is fixed by comparing tangents of the two curves.

This structure carries a great deal of explanatory load. Regions 1 and 2 are the nucleus: BSPs there feel no attraction or repulsion because the angle between their longitudinal momenta is π/2, which is why like charges coexist. BSPs that migrate outward are reintegrated — or, at unstable nuclei, expelled — and region 3's width becomes the tunnel barrier through which radioactive emission occurs, quantised and following exponential decay. Crucially, reintegration is the origin of gravitation: because the induced force always points along the reintegrating particle's direction regardless of charge, it is universally attractive, and the inverse-square law follows from the inverse-square FP density. For carbon-12 the transition distance is computed as d_trans = 9.0724 fm.

Quantisation and the Bragg equation without de Broglie

Defining Δt = K(r_o1 + r_o2) with K = 5.4271 × 10⁴ s/m, and the radius r_o = ħc/E, Domann obtains E_eΔt = h — Planck's constant emerging as a product of total energy and the incremental time over which the momentum acts. From this he derives a quantised bending momentum between a moving BSP and a reintegrating BSP of a nucleon, and reaches sinθ = nh/(2p_id_A), the Bragg equation, provided the interaction length l takes the value 5.2843 × 10⁻¹¹ m — "which is in the order of interatomic distances." His conclusion is explicit: the numerical results match, "different is the physical interpretation of the underlying phenomenon."

Photons, redshift, Stern–Gerlach, dark matter

At v = c the longitudinal field vanishes, leaving a pair of FPs with opposed transversal momenta that neither emit nor regenerate; these Domann identifies with neutrinos, and a photon becomes a sequence of them with alternating transversal and longitudinal momenta, giving wave and particle character respectively. Since photons have no regenerating FPs they can only lose angular momentum, hence energy, when bent — so light from distant galaxies, bent by cosmic matter along its path, arrives redshifted roughly in proportion to distance, a tired-light account of Hubble's law.

For Stern–Gerlach he derives F_b = h/(2t_od), inverse in the separation and independent of the magnetic field intensity, and argues from the geometry of two antiparallel conductors that splitting requires z ≫ D, that is a strong field gradient — the splitting therefore reflecting quantised bending rather than a magnetic moment attached to spin. Correspondingly the two spin states of an orbital pair become the accelerating and decelerating types, whose emitted FPs mutually regenerate one another, and the proton and neutron are decomposed into 459 + 459 (+1) of each.

Finally, gravitation is given a second component. Reintegration currents in the direction joining two neutrons give F_G ∝ 1/d²; but Domann assumes a synchronisation of same-sign reintegration in the orthogonal direction, producing parallel currents and a force F_R ∝ 1/d. The total is F_T = GM₁M₂/d² + RM₁M₂/d. Using the Sun's 220 km/s orbital speed, a core mass of 4 × 10⁶ solar masses and d = 2.5 × 10¹⁹ m, he sets the centrifugal force equal to F_R and finds the crossover at d_gal = 1.103 × 10¹⁶ m, well inside the Sun's galactocentric distance. The 1/d term therefore dominates at galactic scales and flattens rotation curves without dark matter.

Assessment

The programme has a real architectural virtue: it is genuinely reductive. Where the standard account introduces the electromagnetic, strong, weak and gravitational interactions with separate couplings and separate carriers, Domann derives all four from one vector field and three crossing postulates, and the derivation is at least formally uniform. Several individual moves are ingenious. Making the nuclear region and the Coulomb region two ends of one curve, with like-charge coexistence following from the geometry of the integration limits rather than from a new force, is an economical idea. So is the observation that continuous emission removes the energy-violating virtual vertex of a Feynman diagram: "in the rest frame of the scattering partners no energy violation occurs." The recognition that Stern–Gerlach requires a field gradient is correct and often glossed over, and the identification of EΔt = h as a statement about the duration of momentum transfer is a coherent, if unconventional, reading of the quantum of action.

The difficulties are correspondingly deep. The three interaction postulates are exactly that — postulated cross-product rules with no justification beyond their consequences, so the theory's unification is achieved by choosing rules that yield the known laws rather than by deriving them. Several key numbers are fitted, not predicted: the transition value λ = 518, the factor 5.8731, the constant K, and most tellingly the Bragg interaction length l, which is obtained by requiring the Bragg equation and then pronounced plausible because it happens to fall in the range of interatomic distances. That is a consistency check presented as a derivation, and it means the Bragg result reproduces nothing that was not put in. The proton's 919 positrons and 918 electrons are asserted without any account of where 1837 comes from, and the composition conflicts directly with deep inelastic scattering, which resolves nucleon structure into three valence quarks with the measured charge fractions and scaling behaviour — a body of measurement the paper does not mention. The photon-as-neutrino-sequence identification is likewise unreconciled with the fact that neutrinos have been measured to oscillate and hence to carry mass, and that they interact only weakly while photons interact electromagnetically.

The two cosmological claims are the most exposed. A bending-induced redshift is a tired-light mechanism, and tired light is contradicted by the observed (1+z) stretching of Type Ia supernova light curves, which a photon energy-loss process does not produce; it also predicts blurring of distant images that is not observed. The dark-matter replacement is worse off than the paper suggests: a 1/d force term gives v² ∝ constant and so a flat rotation curve, which is why the fit works, but the same term applies to every gravitating pair and would alter the dynamics of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing maps and the acoustic peaks of the microwave background, none of which is examined. The calibration example is also circular in the manner the paper does not flag: K_Dark is fixed by setting the required centrifugal force equal to F_R for the Sun, so the Milky Way's rotation is fitted rather than predicted, and no second galaxy is tested. Finally, the model requires FPs moving at "nearly infinite speed" to carry linear momentum instantaneously — offered as an explanation of entanglement — which sits uneasily beside the paper's own description of itself as relativistic, and no argument is given for why this superluminal channel does not permit signalling.

See also

• Osvaldo Domann
• Electron
• Positron
• Neutrino
• Photon
• Spin
• Dark Matter
• Tired Light
• Redshift
• Coulomb's Law
• Maxwell's Equations
• Proceedings of the NPA