The Origin of the Universe: Part 1 Toryces: Difference between revisions

Scientific Paper
Title	The Origin of the Universe: Part 1 Toryces
Read in full	Link to paper
Author(s)	Vladimir B Ginzburg
Keywords	universe, velocity of light, Uncertainty Principle, elementary particles, Potential Energy
Published	2010
Journal	Proceedings of the NPA
Volume	7
No. of pages	17
Pages	162-178

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Abstract

The universe is created by polarization of Nothingness, and its existence is governed by the law of conservation of Nothingness. Polarization of Nothingness is provided by the prime elements of nature called toryces in accordance with the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Each toryx contains two strings: a circular leading string and a toroidal trailing string propagating around the leading string with the velocity of light. Rotational and translational components of the trailing string velocity can be either subluminal or superluminal, real or imaginary.
The toryx spacetime and physical properties are defined by three fundamental equations. The relationship between the velocity propagation of leading string and its radius is described by a newly-discovered universal law of motion that for large radii reduces to the classical law of motion.
The toryces are polarized in two ways, by charge and energy. The charge polarization is due to the ability of both leading and trailing strings to be in opposite inversion states. The energy polarization arises because the toryx total kinetic and potential energy can be either negative or positive, making them capable to either absorb or release energy.
Toryces exist at certain excitation and oscillation quantum states. Unification of matched polarized toryces produces elementary matter particles called trons. There are three main kinds of trons: a-trons, e-trons and z-trons. The a-trons are the lightest elementary particles having very high rigidity. They form aether. The e-trons form electrons and positrons. The z-trons are the heaviest elementary particles. They form the cores of nucleons and a singularity.

Overview

This paper is the first instalment of Vladimir B. Ginzburg's account of cosmogenesis within his Three-Dimensional Spiral String Theory (3D-SST), presented to the Natural Philosophy Alliance at Long Beach in 2010. It sets out the geometry, mathematics and physical properties of what Ginzburg takes to be the single prime element of nature — the toryx — and shows how matched pairs of toryces are supposed to assemble into the familiar elementary particles. Part 1 is therefore the construction manual rather than the cosmology proper: the universe is said to arise by "polarization of Nothingness", and the paper's business is to say precisely what the polarized entities are and what equations govern them.

A toryx is a purely geometric-kinematic object: a circular leading string of radius r₁ around which a trailing string of radius r₂ is wound as a toroidal spiral. Everything else — charge, mass, magnetic moment, density, elasticity — is derived from two shape parameters. This is a strongly constructive programme, in the tradition of vortex and toroidal-ring models of matter, and it departs from the Standard Model at the root: there are no point particles, no gauge fields and no quark content. It also departs from ordinary mathematics, since Ginzburg replaces zero with an "infinility", revises the trigonometric functions, and bends the number line into a circle. Superluminal and imaginary velocities are admitted freely, on the ground that only the spiral velocity of the trailing string is constrained to equal c.

The toryx and its equations

Three fundamental equations

The whole apparatus rests on three postulates about the two strings. First, the length of one winding of the trailing string equals the length of one winding of the leading string, L₂ = L₁. Second, the difference of the two radii is a constant, r₁ − r₂ = r_i, where r_i is the radius of the "real inversion string". Third, the spiral velocity of the trailing string is fixed at the speed of light:

V₂ = (V_2r² + V_2t²)^1/2 = c = const.

Ginzburg stresses that this third equation "sets no limits" on the individual rotational (V_2r) and translational (V_2t) components: either may be superluminal provided the other becomes imaginary. Because r_i and c are constant, so are the inversion-string frequency f_i = c/2πr_i and cycle time t_i = 2πr_i/c, and all toryx parameters are then expressed as dimensionless ratios to these. The master variable is the relative leading-string radius b₁ = r₁/r_i, with the relative velocity given by the compact relation β₁ = [(2b₁ − 1)]^1/2/b₁.

Revised mathematics

Three mathematical departures are declared. (1) Conventional zero is replaced by infinility, defined as the inverse of infinity and signed like it (+0, −0, ±0i); a consequence Ginzburg accepts explicitly is that "the quantities that are precisely equal to one another do not exist", so one can only approach a value infinitely closely. (2) A "universal trigonometry" is introduced, whose functions coincide with the classical ones on 0 ≤ φ₂ ≤ π but differ on π to 2π, with cosu(φ₂) = 1/cos(φ₂) and analogous inversions. (3) The number line is made circular, in two versions: one for the toryx vorticity V = r₂/r₁ and one for the toryx reality R, equal to the relative wavelength of the trailing string. Each circle has four quadrants, real numbers occupying the top two and — on the R line — imaginary numbers the bottom two, so that infinilities of opposite sign merge at one boundary and infinities at the other.

Topological metamorphoses

As b₁ shrinks, the toryx passes through a sequence of shapes that Ginzburg likens to the Möbius strip: the trailing string thins, merges with the leading string when r₁ = r_i, then turns inside out, reversing its spin and swapping "external colour". This yields four principal kinds — real outverted, real inverted, imaginary inverted, imaginary outverted — each identified with one quadrant of the circular number lines, and each terminating in a limiting "inversion string".

Physical properties

Charge and mass are assigned by fiat as functions of vorticity: e/e₀ = −V, inertial mass m_i/m₀ = V, gravitational mass m_g/m₀ = |V|. Relativistic forms follow, all with the factor (1 − β₁²)^1/2 in the numerator, so that charge and mass decrease with speed for real toryces and increase for imaginary ones (for which β₁² < 0). Formulas are then given for relative density, Young's modulus of elasticity, and Bohr and nuclear magnetic moments, with the scale set by r_i = Z'e₀²/8πε₀m₀c².

Trons and the particle spectrum

Ten types of toryx (two sub-groups for each real group, three for each imaginary group) are labelled A, E and Z. Toryces combine in matched pairs into trons, whose relative charge is the algebraic mean of the constituents' and whose every property is likewise an average. Charge-polarized trons pair opposite charges; reality-polarized trons pair a real with an imaginary toryx. Electrons and positrons are reality-polarized e-trons; the neutral a-trons are "aetherons" forming the aether and the quantum vacuum; imaginary z-trons form heavy particles and a singularity. Quantum states come in two flavours — excitation, in which r₁ changes at fixed r_i, and oscillation, in which both change together via a factor Q_p whose bell-shaped curve peaks at p_m ≈ 6.206. The muon and tau appear as oscillation states p = 2 and p = 3 of the electron, with tabulated masses of 105.037872 and 1799.246 MeV/c², alongside a predicted "3electron" at 1.53299675 MeV/c² and an "X-lepton" at 18263.82 MeV/c².

Creation principle and universal law of motion

Stability requires two things. The toryx creation principle, explicitly modelled on the Uncertainty Principle, demands E_tt₁ ≤ h/π, which for Z = 1 confines admissible toryces to roughly 0.00285 ≤ |b₁| ≤ 60888.8. The universal conservation law then requires that the total energy of the constituent toryces approach infinility, so the particle is "continuously recreated". Finally the relation β₁ = (2b₁ − 1)^1/2/b₁ is offered as a universal law of motion of which the classical (β₁ = 1/(2b₁)^1/2) and relativistic laws are limiting cases: the three agree for b₁ > 10 — and the atomic electron sits at b₁ ≈ 37558.7 — but diverge sharply below b₁ ≈ 5, the nuclear regime.

Assessment

The attractive feature of the scheme is its economy of ontology. One object, specified by two radii, is asked to generate charge, inertial and gravitational mass, magnetic moment, elasticity and the lepton spectrum; the distinction between matter, antimatter and aether becomes a distinction of winding and inversion rather than of substance. That is a genuinely unifying instinct, and the identification of the muon and tau as oscillation states of one and the same underlying object is the kind of prediction that a merely descriptive taxonomy cannot make. Ginzburg is also unusually forthcoming about his own axioms: the three fundamental equations are stated as postulates, not smuggled in, and the comparison table of the three laws of motion is an honest invitation to test his against the standard ones.

The difficulties are correspondingly large. The central ones are asserted rather than derived. Equations (31)–(33), which tie charge and both masses to the vorticity V, are introduced with the words "are assumed to be a function of the toryx vorticity" — yet everything physical in the paper flows from them. Nothing explains why charge should be −V while inertial mass is +V and gravitational mass |V|, nor why this assignment should reproduce the observed exact equality of inertial and gravitational mass tested by torsion-balance experiments to parts in 10¹³ (the Equivalence Principle), which on Ginzburg's definitions holds only for one sign of V. The relativistic table has the (1 − β₁²)^1/2 factor in the numerator, so mass falls with speed for real toryces: this contradicts the mass increase measured daily in particle accelerators and required by the standard momentum–energy relation, and the paper does not confront the conflict.

The numerical results are similarly uneven. The lepton table reproduces the muon at 105.037872 MeV/c² against a measured 105.658 — an error of about 0.6%, far outside experimental uncertainty — while the tau value 1799.246 MeV/c² also misses the measured 1776.86. More tellingly, the free parameters m, n and p are chosen after the fact (the lepton table is computed "for the case when m = 2 and n = 1"), so the fit has adjustable inputs and it is not shown that no other choice would do. The predicted "3electron" at 1.533 MeV/c² and "X-lepton" at 18.26 GeV/c² are the sharpest falsifiable claims in the paper, and both lie squarely in ranges long since searched: no charged lepton exists between the electron and the muon, and none at 18 GeV, as the LEP measurement of three light neutrino species and the electron–positron collider searches of that era establish. The paper does not mention these limits.

Finally, the mathematical revisions carry a cost the paper does not price. Abolishing zero — so that "there are no any finite quantities" and equality never obtains — removes the machinery on which the very derivations in Tables 2 and 3 depend; those derivations are carried out in ordinary algebra, where limits, equalities and zero behave conventionally. Likewise, the free admission of superluminal and imaginary component velocities is what makes half the toryx classification possible, but nothing in the paper explains how imaginary radii and imaginary winding numbers translate into observable quantities, or why the imaginary sector should not produce imaginary predictions for real measurements. As a piece of internally organised geometry the construction is coherent and carefully tabulated; as physics it stands or falls on the assumed relations (31)–(33), and those are precisely the ones left unjustified.

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 * The toryces are polarized in two ways, by charge and energy.  The charge polarization is due to the ability of both leading and trailing strings to be in opposite inversion states.  The energy polarization arises because the toryx total kinetic and potential energy can be either negative or positive, making them capable to either absorb or release energy.
 * Toryces exist at certain excitation and oscillation quantum states.  Unification of matched polarized toryces produces elementary matter particles called trons.  There are three main kinds of trons: a-trons, e-trons and z-trons.  The a-trons are the lightest elementary particles having very high rigidity.  They form aether.  The e-trons form electrons and positrons.  The z-trons are the heaviest elementary particles.  They form the cores of nucleons and a singularity.
+==Overview==
+This paper is the first instalment of Vladimir B. Ginzburg's account of cosmogenesis within his '''Three-Dimensional Spiral String Theory''' (3D-SST), presented to the Natural Philosophy Alliance at Long Beach in 2010. It sets out the geometry, mathematics and physical properties of what Ginzburg takes to be the single prime element of nature — the ''toryx'' — and shows how matched pairs of toryces are supposed to assemble into the familiar elementary particles. Part 1 is therefore the construction manual rather than the cosmology proper: the universe is said to arise by "polarization of Nothingness", and the paper's business is to say precisely what the polarized entities are and what equations govern them.
+A toryx is a purely geometric-kinematic object: a circular ''leading string'' of radius ''r''<sub>1</sub> around which a ''trailing string'' of radius ''r''<sub>2</sub> is wound as a toroidal spiral. Everything else — charge, [[mass]], magnetic moment, density, elasticity — is derived from two shape parameters. This is a strongly constructive programme, in the tradition of vortex and toroidal-ring models of matter, and it departs from the Standard Model at the root: there are no point particles, no gauge fields and no quark content. It also departs from ordinary mathematics, since Ginzburg replaces zero with an "infinility", revises the trigonometric functions, and bends the number line into a circle. Superluminal and imaginary velocities are admitted freely, on the ground that only the ''spiral'' velocity of the trailing string is constrained to equal ''c''.
+==The toryx and its equations==
+===Three fundamental equations===
+The whole apparatus rests on three postulates about the two strings. First, the length of one winding of the trailing string equals the length of one winding of the leading string, ''L''<sub>2</sub> = ''L''<sub>1</sub>. Second, the difference of the two radii is a constant, ''r''<sub>1</sub> − ''r''<sub>2</sub> = ''r''<sub>''i''</sub>, where ''r''<sub>''i''</sub> is the radius of the "real inversion string". Third, the spiral velocity of the trailing string is fixed at the [[speed of light]]:
+: ''V''<sub>2</sub> = (''V''<sub>2''r''</sub><sup>2</sup> + ''V''<sub>2''t''</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> = ''c'' = const.
+Ginzburg stresses that this third equation "sets no limits" on the individual rotational (''V''<sub>2''r''</sub>) and translational (''V''<sub>2''t''</sub>) components: either may be superluminal provided the other becomes imaginary. Because ''r''<sub>''i''</sub> and ''c'' are constant, so are the inversion-string frequency ''f''<sub>''i''</sub> = ''c''/2π''r''<sub>''i''</sub> and cycle time ''t''<sub>''i''</sub> = 2π''r''<sub>''i''</sub>/''c'', and all toryx parameters are then expressed as dimensionless ratios to these. The master variable is the relative leading-string radius ''b''<sub>1</sub> = ''r''<sub>1</sub>/''r''<sub>''i''</sub>, with the relative velocity given by the compact relation β<sub>1</sub> = [(2''b''<sub>1</sub> − 1)]<sup>1/2</sup>/''b''<sub>1</sub>.
+===Revised mathematics===
+Three mathematical departures are declared. (1) Conventional zero is replaced by ''infinility'', defined as the inverse of infinity and signed like it (+0, −0, ±0''i''); a consequence Ginzburg accepts explicitly is that "the quantities that are precisely equal to one another do not exist", so one can only approach a value infinitely closely. (2) A "universal trigonometry" is introduced, whose functions coincide with the classical ones on 0 ≤ φ<sub>2</sub> ≤ π but differ on π to 2π, with cos''u''(φ<sub>2</sub>) = 1/cos(φ<sub>2</sub>) and analogous inversions. (3) The number line is made circular, in two versions: one for the toryx ''vorticity'' ''V'' = ''r''<sub>2</sub>/''r''<sub>1</sub> and one for the toryx ''reality'' ''R'', equal to the relative wavelength of the trailing string. Each circle has four quadrants, real numbers occupying the top two and — on the ''R'' line — imaginary numbers the bottom two, so that infinilities of opposite sign merge at one boundary and infinities at the other.
+===Topological metamorphoses===
+As ''b''<sub>1</sub> shrinks, the toryx passes through a sequence of shapes that Ginzburg likens to the Möbius strip: the trailing string thins, merges with the leading string when ''r''<sub>1</sub> = ''r''<sub>''i''</sub>, then turns inside out, reversing its [[spin]] and swapping "external colour". This yields four principal kinds — real outverted, real inverted, imaginary inverted, imaginary outverted — each identified with one quadrant of the circular number lines, and each terminating in a limiting "inversion string".
+===Physical properties===
+Charge and mass are assigned by fiat as functions of vorticity: ''e''/''e''<sub>0</sub> = −''V'', inertial mass ''m''<sub>''i''</sub>/''m''<sub>0</sub> = ''V'', gravitational mass ''m''<sub>''g''</sub>/''m''<sub>0</sub> = |''V''|. Relativistic forms follow, all with the factor (1 − β<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> in the numerator, so that charge and mass ''decrease'' with speed for real toryces and increase for imaginary ones (for which β<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> < 0). Formulas are then given for relative density, Young's modulus of elasticity, and Bohr and nuclear magnetic moments, with the scale set by ''r''<sub>''i''</sub> = ''Z''''e''<sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup>/8πε<sub>0</sub>''m''<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>.
+===Trons and the particle spectrum===
+Ten types of toryx (two sub-groups for each real group, three for each imaginary group) are labelled A, E and Z. Toryces combine in matched pairs into ''trons'', whose relative charge is the algebraic mean of the constituents' and whose every property is likewise an average. Charge-polarized trons pair opposite charges; reality-polarized trons pair a real with an imaginary toryx. [[Electron]]s and [[positron]]s are reality-polarized e-trons; the neutral a-trons are "aetherons" forming the [[aether]] and the quantum [[vacuum]]; imaginary z-trons form heavy particles and a singularity. Quantum states come in two flavours — ''excitation'', in which ''r''<sub>1</sub> changes at fixed ''r''<sub>''i''</sub>, and ''oscillation'', in which both change together via a factor ''Q''<sub>''p''</sub> whose bell-shaped curve peaks at ''p''<sub>''m''</sub> ≈ 6.206. The [[muon]] and tau appear as oscillation states ''p'' = 2 and ''p'' = 3 of the electron, with tabulated masses of 105.037872 and 1799.246 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup>, alongside a predicted "3electron" at 1.53299675 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup> and an "X-lepton" at 18263.82 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup>.
+===Creation principle and universal law of motion===
+Stability requires two things. The ''toryx creation principle'', explicitly modelled on the [[Uncertainty Principle]], demands ''E''<sub>''t''</sub>''t''<sub>1</sub> ≤ ''h''/π, which for ''Z'' = 1 confines admissible toryces to roughly 0.00285 ≤ |''b''<sub>1</sub>| ≤ 60888.8. The ''universal conservation law'' then requires that the total energy of the constituent toryces approach infinility, so the particle is "continuously recreated". Finally the relation β<sub>1</sub> = (2''b''<sub>1</sub> − 1)<sup>1/2</sup>/''b''<sub>1</sub> is offered as a ''universal law of motion'' of which the classical (β<sub>1</sub> = 1/(2''b''<sub>1</sub>)<sup>1/2</sup>) and relativistic laws are limiting cases: the three agree for ''b''<sub>1</sub> > 10 — and the atomic electron sits at ''b''<sub>1</sub> ≈ 37558.7 — but diverge sharply below ''b''<sub>1</sub> ≈ 5, the nuclear regime.
+==Assessment==
+The attractive feature of the scheme is its economy of ontology. One object, specified by two radii, is asked to generate charge, inertial and gravitational [[mass]], magnetic moment, elasticity and the lepton spectrum; the distinction between matter, [[antimatter]] and [[aether]] becomes a distinction of winding and inversion rather than of substance. That is a genuinely unifying instinct, and the identification of the muon and tau as ''oscillation'' states of one and the same underlying object is the kind of prediction that a merely descriptive taxonomy cannot make. Ginzburg is also unusually forthcoming about his own axioms: the three fundamental equations are stated as postulates, not smuggled in, and the comparison table of the three laws of motion is an honest invitation to test his against the standard ones.
+The difficulties are correspondingly large. The central ones are asserted rather than derived. Equations (31)–(33), which tie charge and both masses to the vorticity ''V'', are introduced with the words "are assumed to be a function of the toryx vorticity" — yet everything physical in the paper flows from them. Nothing explains why charge should be −''V'' while inertial mass is +''V'' and gravitational mass |''V''|, nor why this assignment should reproduce the observed exact equality of inertial and gravitational mass tested by torsion-balance experiments to parts in 10<sup>13</sup> (the [[Equivalence Principle]]), which on Ginzburg's definitions holds only for one sign of ''V''. The relativistic table has the (1 − β<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> factor in the ''numerator'', so mass ''falls'' with speed for real toryces: this contradicts the mass increase measured daily in particle accelerators and required by the standard momentum–energy relation, and the paper does not confront the conflict.
+The numerical results are similarly uneven. The lepton table reproduces the muon at 105.037872 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup> against a measured 105.658 — an error of about 0.6%, far outside experimental uncertainty — while the tau value 1799.246 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup> also misses the measured 1776.86. More tellingly, the free parameters ''m'', ''n'' and ''p'' are chosen after the fact (the lepton table is computed "for the case when ''m'' = 2 and ''n'' = 1"), so the fit has adjustable inputs and it is not shown that no other choice would do. The predicted "3electron" at 1.533 MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup> and "X-lepton" at 18.26 GeV/''c''<sup>2</sup> are the sharpest falsifiable claims in the paper, and both lie squarely in ranges long since searched: no charged lepton exists between the electron and the muon, and none at 18 GeV, as the LEP measurement of three light neutrino species and the electron–positron collider searches of that era establish. The paper does not mention these limits.
+Finally, the mathematical revisions carry a cost the paper does not price. Abolishing zero — so that "there are no any finite quantities" and equality never obtains — removes the machinery on which the very derivations in Tables 2 and 3 depend; those derivations are carried out in ordinary algebra, where limits, equalities and zero behave conventionally. Likewise, the free admission of superluminal and imaginary component velocities is what makes half the toryx classification possible, but nothing in the paper explains how imaginary radii and imaginary winding numbers translate into observable quantities, or why the imaginary sector should not produce imaginary predictions for real measurements. As a piece of internally organised geometry the construction is coherent and carefully tabulated; as physics it stands or falls on the assumed relations (31)–(33), and those are precisely the ones left unjustified.
+==See also==
+* [[Vladimir B Ginzburg]] — the author
+* [[Aether]]
+* [[Electron]], [[Positron]], [[Muon]]
+* [[Uncertainty Principle]]
+* [[Vacuum]]
+* [[Dark Matter]], [[Dark Energy]]
+* [[Speed of Light]]
 [[Category:Scientific Paper|origin universe toryces]]
+[[Category:Particle Physics]]
+[[Category:Aether]]
+[[Category:Unified Theory]]
+[[Category:Toroidal Ring]]
+[[Category:Vortex Theory]]