Nature of the Non-Expanding Universe

Scientific Paper
Title	Nature of the Non-Expanding Universe
Read in full	Link to paper
Author(s)	Rati Ram Sharma
Keywords	Non-expanding universe, Big Bang, Hubble constant, Redshift
Published	2009
No. of pages	11

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Abstract

In a universe expanding as per the Big Bang or Steady State theory the cosmic redshifts should increase exponentially with time, which is not actually observed. So the universe is NOT expanding. In the non-expanding universe the total energy-mass content is eternally conserved with NO 'initial creation of matter from nothing' in a single big explosive event of the Big Bang theory or continuously as in the Steady State theory. The cosmic redshift is caused, not by Doppler effects of receding velocities of stellar light sources but, by depletion of photon energy during long passage through the sharmon medium due to non-Doppler effects of gravitational, electromagnetic & viscous losses. Cosmic microwave background follows naturally and plausible explanation given to the observation on Ia type supernovae, which has amazed & horrified the astronomers. Halton Arp's observation of high-redshift quasars in the vicinity of low-redshift parent star systems is also explained. There is no antigravity force permeating space and no likelihood for the universe to become empty ever in future. Age of the non-expanding universe is about 45 billion years. Dark energy and dark matter are related to the Sharmon medium.

Overview

Sharma applies his "Unified Theory" — set out over four books from 1990 onwards — to cosmology. Its ontology has two elementary constituents, the positive positrino and the negative negatrino (jointly cosminos), which pair to form the sharmon; sharmons of zero spin fill space as the sharmon medium, a kinetic-gas aether out of which photons (1-spin sharmon aggregates), gravitons (2-spin), and all matter are built. The universe is not expanding and never was. Behind it stands an eternal Megovum ("big egg"), an unchanging reservoir of 0-spin sharmons from which the perceptible universe precipitated, as ice forms in a pond, and into which it may dissolve again — so no matter is ever created from nothing, either in one event as in the Big Bang or continuously as in the Steady State model.

The cosmological redshift is then a tired-light effect: photons crossing the sharmon medium lose energy to gravitational, electromagnetic and above all viscous drag, so that Z = −ΔE/E = KD with K constant and D the path length. Sharma's headline argument against expansion is a kinematic one: in an expanding universe Z/Z₀ = exp(Ht), so the redshift of any given galaxy should climb exponentially, which "has never been found"; in a static universe with fixed D the redshift is constant. He offers this as the "decisive crucial experimental test". The Hubble constant survives only as the combination cK_v, with no receding velocity behind it; dark matter is identified with 0-spin sharmon and cosmino aggregates and dark energy with 1-spin sharmons; the age of the universe is put at about 45 billion years.

The argument

Three channels of energy loss

Gravitational losses over regions of acceleration g_n give Z_g = Σg_nD_n/c², but since regions of positive and negative g alternate along the path the net coefficient is taken to be negligible. Electromagnetic (resistive and inductive) losses give Z_em = K_emD, also negligible because the sharmon medium's resistance is very high. Everything therefore rests on the third channel.

Rigidity, viscosity and the viscous redshift

The medium's shear elasticity is fixed by requiring transverse gravitational waves to travel at c: V_g = (e_r/d_s)^1/2 = c, giving e_r = 4.6875 × 10⁻¹² dyne/cm² — eighteen orders of magnitude below the adiabatic volume elasticity of air (1.45 × 10⁶ dyne/cm²), and so "in striking contrast to" the rigid classical ether.

Viscosity is then obtained by analogy. Air's viscosity, 1.77 × 10⁻⁴, is 1.22 × 10⁻¹⁰ of its volume elasticity; applying the same ratio to the sharmon medium, and inserting an extra factor of 0.1 "roughly allow[ing] for the non-spherical enlongated shape and small size of the sharmons", gives η = 0.5709 × 10⁻²² dyne·s/cm². Sharma is explicit about why the factor is chosen: "Most importantly, the calculated red shifts and Hubble constants agree with observations."

The photon is then treated as a sphere of closely packed cosminos subject to Stokes' law, losing ΔE = 6πηrDc over a path D and yielding Z_v = 6πηrλD/h = K_vD. Worked for sodium yellow light (λ = 5890 Å), the photon contains n_s = 3.6146 × 10¹⁴ sharmons or twice that many cosminos, each of radius r_c = 0.8078 × 10⁻³³ cm, so the photon radius is r = r_cn_c^1/3 = 7.24 × 10⁻²⁹ cm — "inversely proportional to the cube root of the wavelength". The result is K_v = 0.69249 × 10⁻²⁷ cgs, whence cK_v = 2.076 × 10⁻¹⁷ cgs, which Sharma reports as 67.5 km/s/Mpc.

Cosmology without expansion

With no recession there is no cosmological horizon and no horizon problem, and no prospect of the universe emptying itself. Distances are read off as D = Z/K rather than Zc/H.

Structure formation runs backwards from the usual account. The Megovum's 0-spin sharmons acquire co-directional half-spins, producing 1-spin sharmons (photons) and 2-spin gravitons; the most primordial radiation has the energy of a single sharmon (m_s = 5.19 × 10⁻⁴⁸ g), hence λ = h/m_sc = 4.25 × 10¹⁰ cm, or 425 000 km, followed by λ/2, λ/3, λ/4 … as multi-sharmon quanta form. The beginning is therefore cold and temperature rises afterwards. Particle masses are inventories: the electron is 3.50 × 10²⁰ negatrinos plus 3.944 × 10¹⁷ sharmons; a 0.1 eV/c² muon neutrino is 3.43 × 10¹³ sharmons; the lightest fermion above the cosminos is one cosmino on one sharmon, 7.788 × 10⁻⁴⁸ g.

The cosmic microwave background is "a residue of the isotropic evolutionary process" of that cold beginning rather than of a hot one; its isotropy is automatic, whereas Sharma argues a "big" explosion should have left turbulence and anisotropies that are "not actually traceable". The 7 cm background quantum is an aggregate of about six billion sharmons, which he takes to show the background is broad-band rather than monochromatic.

Finally, the Type Ia supernova results are absorbed rather than accommodated: a supernova showers sharmons into its surroundings, locally raising η and K_v, so distant supernovae acquire extra redshift and their distances and inferred expansion rates are overestimated. The same mechanism is offered for Halton Arp's high-redshift quasars beside low-redshift galaxies. No cosmological constant and no antigravity are needed.

Assessment

The paper is unusually easy to audit, because Sharma prints his intermediate numbers, and most of the internal arithmetic survives checking. The viscosity chain is right: 1.77 × 10⁻⁴/1.45 × 10⁶ = 1.221 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 4.68 × 10⁻¹² × 1.22 × 10⁻¹⁰ × 0.1 = 5.71 × 10⁻²³, as stated. Recomputing K_v = 6πηrλ/h from his own η, r and λ gives 6.926 × 10⁻²⁸, matching his 0.69249 × 10⁻²⁷ to four figures. The sharmon Compton wavelength h/m_sc = 4.26 × 10¹⁰ cm and the sub-harmonics 2.13, 1.42, 1.06, 0.85 × 10¹⁰ cm are all correct. The particle inventories check out: 3.50 × 10²⁰ half-sharmon cosminos plus 3.944 × 10¹⁷ sharmons come to 9.103 × 10⁻²⁸ g against the electron's 9.109 × 10⁻²⁸; 0.1 eV divided by m_sc² is 3.43 × 10¹³; and the 7 cm quantum is indeed 6.1 × 10⁹ sharmons. This is careful bookkeeping, and it deserves to be said.

That makes the failures sharper, because they are not sloppiness but structural.

The Hubble constant is misconverted by a factor of 9.5. His cK_v = 2.076 × 10⁻¹⁷ s⁻¹, multiplied by 1 Mpc in kilometres (3.0857 × 10¹⁹), is 641 km/s/Mpc — not the 67.5 km/s/Mpc he reports. The same slip afflicts the comparison value: 1.91607 × 10⁻¹⁷ s⁻¹ is 591 km/s/Mpc, not 62.3. A genuine H₀ of 67.5 km/s/Mpc is 2.19 × 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹, an order of magnitude below his figure. His own alternative units confirm which number he actually computed: 2.076 × 10⁻¹⁷ s⁻¹ is 1.96 × 10⁻⁴ km/s per light year, essentially the 1.8 × 10⁻⁴ he quotes from Gamow — that is, the obsolete Hubble-era value of roughly 500–600 km/s/Mpc, which was superseded once Baade separated the Cepheid populations in 1952. So the fudge factor 0.1, adopted because "the calculated red shifts and Hubble constants agree with observations", has been tuned to reproduce a 1948 value while being reported as the 2009 one. That is the fitted parameter doing the work the mechanism was supposed to do, and doing it against the wrong target. His 2 × 10⁹ light-year "cosmological horizon" is a further symptom: c/H for H ≈ 550 km/s/Mpc is 1.8 billion light years, whereas for 67.5 km/s/Mpc it is about 14.5 billion.

The decisive test is not decisive. Redshift drift is real and is predicted by the standard model, but its size is dz/dt ~ H₀z per unit time — with H₀ = 67.5 km/s/Mpc that is 6.9 × 10⁻¹¹ per year. For a galaxy at z = 1, a twenty-year baseline gives Δz ≈ 1.4 × 10⁻⁹, a spectroscopic velocity drift of well under a centimetre per second. This is the Sandage–Loeb test, and it is precisely why instruments such as ANDES on the ELT are being built with decade-long stability targets. That the effect "has never been found" is exactly what expansion predicts for present-day instruments; it is not evidence against expansion, and the argument that carries the paper's title therefore does not carry it.

The viscous redshift is wavelength-dependent, and observation forbids that. Combining Sharma's own relations, K_v = 6πηrλ/h with r ∝ λ^−1/3 gives K_v ∝ λ^2/3. Redshift would then be about three times larger at Hα (6563 Å) than at Lyman-α (1216 Å) for the same source. But quasar and galaxy spectra shift coherently: every line in a spectrum, from Lyman-α in the ultraviolet through the Balmer series to the infrared, is displaced by the same factor 1 + z to the accuracy of the measurement. Sharma notices the wavelength dependence in Section 6 and reports it as a feature to look for; it is instead the model's most immediate falsification. A drag mechanism has the further generic problem that momentum transfer to a medium scatters as well as decelerates, which would blur distant images — high-redshift galaxies are observed sharp.

Supernovae are handled without their key datum. Sharma discusses the Type Ia results at length but only in terms of brightness. He does not mention that the light curves of high-z supernovae are observed to be stretched in time by exactly the factor (1 + z) — measured by Goldhaber and the Supernova Cosmology Project in 2001 and confirmed spectroscopically by Blondin and co-workers in 2008. Any static-universe model in which the redshift comes from photons losing energy en route has no reason to slow the clock of the source, and this observation is the standard and still unanswered objection to tired-light cosmologies generally.

The CMB argument runs against the evidence it cites. The background is treated as "the 7 cm cosmic background radiation", with no temperature and no spectrum. Its defining measured property is that it is a blackbody at 2.725 K, matched by COBE's FIRAS instrument to within about 50 parts per million — the most perfect blackbody known — peaking near 1 mm, not 7 cm. A residue of an evolutionary process has no reason to be Planckian. And the paper states that a big bang "should have left significant turbulences and anisotropies, which are not actually traceable" two pages after noting that Mather and Smoot received the 2006 Nobel Prize; the anisotropies were traced, at ΔT/T ≈ 10⁻⁵, and half of that prize was for finding them. (The discovery is also dated 1955 here; Penzias and Wilson published in 1965.)

Two smaller slips. The Steady State creation rate is quoted twice, and the two forms disagree: 1.5 × 10⁻⁴⁸ g/cm³/s across a US gallon (3785 cm³) accumulates one hydrogen atom in about 9 × 10¹² years, not the "250 million years" given in the same sentence — a discrepancy of roughly four orders of magnitude. And the remark that 10¹⁰ years is "about a fifth of the sun's remaining life" inverts the standard figure: the Sun has roughly 5 × 10⁹ years of main-sequence hydrogen burning left, so 10¹⁰ years is about twice that, not a fifth of it.

Finally, the age of 45 billion years is not calculated but asserted — "about three times the 'age' suggested by Gamow" — with the "pre-radiation" and "radiation" eras assigned durations by fiat. And the medium's shear elasticity is derived only by assuming V_g = c and a density that is never stated, so e_r = 4.6875 × 10⁻¹² dyne/cm² is a placeholder for an unquoted density rather than an independent result. The philosophical objection that opens Section 9 — that creation of matter from nothing is irrational whether it happens once or continuously — is a genuine and old motivation for static cosmology, and Sharma states it forcefully; but the Megovum answers it by relocation rather than by explanation, since an eternal reservoir of 0-spin sharmons with no motion, no time and no perceptible space is postulated at exactly the point where the account would otherwise have to stop.

See also

• Rati Ram Sharma
• Tired Light
• Redshift
• Expanding Universe
• Steady State Theory
• Big Bang
• Hubble Constant
• Cosmic Microwave Background
• Dark Matter
• Dark Energy
• Halton Arp
• Aether