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| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| fields = [[scientist]]
| nationality = British
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| known_for = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| alma_mater = Queen's University Belfast
| known_for = Double helix theory of the magnetic field; electron-positron sea aether model
}}
}}


Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University, Belfast, from 1978-1982.  
'''Frederick David Tombe''' (born 1958) is a British independent researcher who writes on [[electromagnetism]], the [[aether]], and the foundations of [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell's]] equations. He is known for advocating the revival of the nineteenth-century luminiferous aether, which he models as a dense "electric sea" of rotating electron-positron dipoles, and for his "double helix theory of the magnetic field." His views on [[special relativity]], the [[Aether|luminiferous aether]] and the reality of [[centrifugal force]] place his work outside the mainstream of modern physics.


==Scientific Research in his own Words==
==Biography==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University, Belfast, in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended I had been introduced in the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month in the astronomy course I was introduced to the concept of <em>stellar aberration</em>. I was immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded on the principle that Galilean addition of velocity does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. But to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant that doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and this in turn would mean having to find an alternative explanation for the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. At that time, I was unaware that alternative explanations had existed in the past and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light, and reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus. I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually study electromagnetism in earnest. During the period 1979 to 1981 I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.
Tombe studied for a B.Sc. degree in physics at [[Queen's University Belfast]] from 1978 to 1982, taking astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects, and graduating in July 1982. He has described how, early in his undergraduate studies, exposure to Einstein's [[special relativity]] alongside the concept of stellar aberration led him to become skeptical of relativity theory, and how his study of vector field theory in 1981 left him dissatisfied with the standard textbook treatment of Maxwell's displacement current.


I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking these three questions,
In 1982 Tombe encountered the writings of anti-relativity authors including Professor Richard A. Waldron of the Ulster Polytechnic and, through him, the aether-drag work of Dr. Carl A. Zapffe of Baltimore, whom he visited in Minnesota shortly after graduating. Over the following years he corresponded with a worldwide network of aether and anti-relativity researchers, including Stanisław Kosowski in Warsaw and J. P. Wesley in West Germany. He largely withdrew from the subject in 1985, returning to it in earnest in 2004 after re-establishing contact with associates of Zapffe. Around that time he found parallels between his own ideas and the electron-positron medium proposed by the solid-state physicist Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem.


# What is the <b>v</b> in <b>F</b> = q<b>v</b>x<b>B</b> measured relative to?
Tombe began publishing his work online in 2006, chiefly through the General Science Journal, the Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. He is based in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in relation to magnetic force? I never doubted that energy is conserved in electromagnetism, but I wanted to see a formal theory in order to get a better understanding of the nature of the electromagnetic forces. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, no such conservation theory seemed to exist in the textbooks.
# The textbook derivation of Maxwell's <em>displacement current</em> is highly dubious. The textbook derivation of displacement current does not derive the rotational term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within it.


During that winter, I came across one American textbook which, in  brief paragraph, pointed out that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently, and that he had believed in the existence of an aether and he had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This led me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century papers in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found there, and indeed they all were. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense <em>electric sea</em> of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many people in the years that followed.
==Work==
Tombe's central claim is that the luminiferous aether of nineteenth-century physics is a physically real medium, which he describes as a dense "electric sea" of electrons and positrons. In his model, these particles form rotating electron-positron dipoles that align along their mutual rotation axes in a double helix arrangement to constitute magnetic lines of force. On this basis he argues that magnetic attraction between unlike poles is fundamentally electrostatic attraction channelled along a double helix, while magnetic repulsion between like poles arises from centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force. This framework, first set out in his 2006 paper "The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field," underlies much of his subsequent writing.


I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics, and in the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the relativity controversy. In 1986, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. It wasn't until 2004, with the advent of the internet, that I continued the research from whereI had left off in the 1980s. This was because of the discovery of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem following a google search on <em>electron-positron aether</em>. Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach, based within his own specialized field of <em>Solid State Physics</em>. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array. While at first I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Maxwell's original works teach about the crucial importance of centrifugal force as a source of real pressure, despite the fact that centrifugal force has been dismissed in the modern literature as being merely a fictitious force. Centrifugal force is a consequence of absolute rotation and it therefore challenges the modern paradigm which claims that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes. Centrifugal force holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth, and the modern day denial of centrifugal force serves as a very effective decoy in the quest of getting physics back on the rails again.
A recurring theme in Tombe's work is the physical reality of [[centrifugal force]] and [[Coriolis Force|Coriolis force]], which he treats as genuine effects of absolute rotation rather than fictitious forces, and which he links to the pressure and elasticity of the aether and to the mass-energy relation ''E = mc<sup>2</sup>''. He interprets the null result of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment as evidence that the aether is gravitationally entrained within the Earth's field rather than as evidence against the aether.
 
Tombe also argues that the [[Lorentz transformation]] equations, as originally developed by Hendrik Lorentz and Joseph Larmor in conjunction with a luminiferous medium, are physically preferable to Einstein's special theory of relativity, and that many results usually cited as confirmations of relativity are better understood in terms of a Lorentzian aether theory that preserves an absolute frame of rest. He connects these ideas to Paul Dirac's 1930 negative-energy sea of electron-positron pairs. These positions are contrary to the scientific consensus, which regards the luminiferous aether as superseded and special relativity as extensively confirmed by experiment.


==Abstracts==
==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Gyroscopic Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382457264_The_Gyroscopic_Theory_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Activating the Dirac Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Radio Transmission and AC Transformers]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379182515_Radio_Transmission_and_AC_Transformers Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Light]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
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* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
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* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Cathode Rays, Gravity, and Electromagnetic Radiation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/234 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
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* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegraphy Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Wave/Particle Duality in Cathode Rays]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/233 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Wave/Particle Duality in Electromagnetic Radiation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/232 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
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* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://www.wbabin.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
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* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/204 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"  
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])
==External links==
* [https://independent.academia.edu/Frederick_David_Tombe Frederick David Tombe on Academia.edu]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederick-Tombe Frederick David Tombe on ResearchGate]
* [https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Profile/1641/Frederick,%20Tombe Author profile at the General Science Journal]
* [https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Frederick-David-Tombe/96582810 Frederick David Tombe on Semantic Scholar]


[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]
[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]
[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]
[[Category:Electromagnetism]]

Latest revision as of 16:31, 20 July 2026

Frederick David Tombe
Frederick David Tombe
Born1958 (age 67–68)
ResidenceBelfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
NationalityBritish
Alma materQueen's University Belfast
Known forDouble helix theory of the magnetic field; electron-positron sea aether model
Scientific career
FieldsElectromagnetism, Centrifugal Force, Coriolis Force, Aether, Gravity

Frederick David Tombe (born 1958) is a British independent researcher who writes on electromagnetism, the aether, and the foundations of Maxwell's equations. He is known for advocating the revival of the nineteenth-century luminiferous aether, which he models as a dense "electric sea" of rotating electron-positron dipoles, and for his "double helix theory of the magnetic field." His views on special relativity, the luminiferous aether and the reality of centrifugal force place his work outside the mainstream of modern physics.

Biography

Tombe studied for a B.Sc. degree in physics at Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982, taking astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects, and graduating in July 1982. He has described how, early in his undergraduate studies, exposure to Einstein's special relativity alongside the concept of stellar aberration led him to become skeptical of relativity theory, and how his study of vector field theory in 1981 left him dissatisfied with the standard textbook treatment of Maxwell's displacement current.

In 1982 Tombe encountered the writings of anti-relativity authors including Professor Richard A. Waldron of the Ulster Polytechnic and, through him, the aether-drag work of Dr. Carl A. Zapffe of Baltimore, whom he visited in Minnesota shortly after graduating. Over the following years he corresponded with a worldwide network of aether and anti-relativity researchers, including Stanisław Kosowski in Warsaw and J. P. Wesley in West Germany. He largely withdrew from the subject in 1985, returning to it in earnest in 2004 after re-establishing contact with associates of Zapffe. Around that time he found parallels between his own ideas and the electron-positron medium proposed by the solid-state physicist Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem.

Tombe began publishing his work online in 2006, chiefly through the General Science Journal, the Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. He is based in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Work

Tombe's central claim is that the luminiferous aether of nineteenth-century physics is a physically real medium, which he describes as a dense "electric sea" of electrons and positrons. In his model, these particles form rotating electron-positron dipoles that align along their mutual rotation axes in a double helix arrangement to constitute magnetic lines of force. On this basis he argues that magnetic attraction between unlike poles is fundamentally electrostatic attraction channelled along a double helix, while magnetic repulsion between like poles arises from centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force. This framework, first set out in his 2006 paper "The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field," underlies much of his subsequent writing.

A recurring theme in Tombe's work is the physical reality of centrifugal force and Coriolis force, which he treats as genuine effects of absolute rotation rather than fictitious forces, and which he links to the pressure and elasticity of the aether and to the mass-energy relation E = mc2. He interprets the null result of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment as evidence that the aether is gravitationally entrained within the Earth's field rather than as evidence against the aether.

Tombe also argues that the Lorentz transformation equations, as originally developed by Hendrik Lorentz and Joseph Larmor in conjunction with a luminiferous medium, are physically preferable to Einstein's special theory of relativity, and that many results usually cited as confirmations of relativity are better understood in terms of a Lorentzian aether theory that preserves an absolute frame of rest. He connects these ideas to Paul Dirac's 1930 negative-energy sea of electron-positron pairs. These positions are contrary to the scientific consensus, which regards the luminiferous aether as superseded and special relativity as extensively confirmed by experiment.

Abstracts

External links

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