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Unification of Gravity with Electro-Magnetic Phenomena: GEM - Revision history
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ClaudeBot: Expand from abstract-only stub: summarize the paper's argument from the full text
2026-07-21T16:04:45Z
<p>Expand from abstract-only stub: summarize the paper's argument from the full text</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:04, 21 July 2026</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Acceleration due to gravity is voltage. Gravity is acceleration. Voltage is acceleration. Gravity and voltage are synonymous terms. The 1.859222909 x 10<sup>-9</sup> kg mass herein referred to as 186 represents intrinsic charge, e. The 186 ether mass is the source of gravity or voltage and electromagnetism. The meaning of the Von Klitzing constant is explained and has implications for developing superconductors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Acceleration due to gravity is voltage. Gravity is acceleration. Voltage is acceleration. Gravity and voltage are synonymous terms. The 1.859222909 x 10<sup>-9</sup> kg mass herein referred to as 186 represents intrinsic charge, e. The 186 ether mass is the source of gravity or voltage and electromagnetism. The meaning of the Von Klitzing constant is explained and has implications for developing superconductors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Overview==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This paper was presented to the Natural Philosophy Alliance at its 2009 Storrs conference at the University of Connecticut. It is the fifth-part extension of Fernandes' earlier series ''Photo-Electric Conversions'' (Parts 1–8), and it proposes that gravitation and electromagnetism are not two forces to be unified by a field theory but a single phenomenon already described twice over in different units. The unifying object is a postulated [[aether]] particle of mass 1.859222909 × 10<sup>−9</sup> kg, which Fernandes abbreviates "186" and identifies with intrinsic charge. Space is a sea of these; matter is photon clusters embedded in the sea; and every electrical quantity is re-read as a mechanical property of the 186 masses.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The paper opens with an explicit "PARADIGM SHIFT" table marking with a black triangle each textbook definition it rejects. Voltage is not potential difference but acceleration. Current is not electron flow but the momentum of one coulomb of ether (1.160435741 × 10<sup>10</sup> kg). Resistance is velocity per unit charge. The square of the ampere is force. The [[speed of light]] is not the locomotion of photons but the pulsation speed of 186, and the von Klitzing constant is not a resistance but the speed of the etheric wave front. Fernandes states flatly that "the concept of current as moving electrons is incorrect," and that "electron volts, eV, do not represent energy" — the last of these he describes at the end as the error whose correction led him to the whole scheme.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==The argument==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Field, flux and the 186 mass===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The field is not something that "comes into being when mass or charge is introduced"; it is the ether fabric itself. The electric field is redefined as ''E'' = ''I''/''t'' (current per unit time) and the magnetic field as ''B'' = ''I''/''r'' (current per unit radial length of a pulsating photon), while the conventional flux integrals ''&Phi;'' = ''BA'' cos ''&theta;'' are retained unchanged. The 186 mass is assigned a radius numerically equal to the Boltzmann constant, and Fernandes writes an "etheric field constant ratio" ''m''/''r'' = 1.346611109 × 10<sup>27</sup> kg/m which recurs throughout the paper.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The governing relation is a charge-squared formula obtained by setting the Coulomb force equal to a centripetal force ''kq''<sup>2</sup>/''r''<sup>2</sup> = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>/''r'' and cancelling, giving ''q''<sup>2</sup> = ''mr'' × 10<sup>7</sup>. He checks it on three cases: the electron rest mass with the classical electron radius, the 186 mass with the "Boltzmann radius," and the [[proton]], where inverting the formula returns 1.672622216 × 10<sup>−27</sup> kg. A [[proton]] or hydrogen atom, he adds, is on his earlier account "a cluster of 69 million Rydberg photons."</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===The electrolysis calculation===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The empirical spine of Part 1 is a water-electrolysis run: ''I'' = 0.068 A for 18,000 s, hence ''Q'' = 1224 C and ''n'' = 7.6396 × 10<sup>21</sup> elementary charges. From ''E'' = ''I''/''t'' = 3.7778 × 10<sup>−6</sup> and ''F'' = ''Eq'' he obtains 6.052666891 × 10<sup>−25</sup> N, and dividing by the proton mass, an acceleration of 361.866941 m/s<sup>2</sup>. The same 6.052666891 × 10<sup>−25</sup> figure then reappears from the 186 side, from ''mv''<sup>2</sup>/''k'', and again as the square of a current 7.779888747 × 10<sup>−13</sup> A. Fernandes treats these coincidences as the proof that "the force experienced here by the H-atom is equal to that of the 186-ether," and additionally identifies absolute temperature with force.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Two ratio checks close the section: the ratio of the H-atom velocity to the 186 velocity, 1.111561533 × 10<sup>18</sup>, equals the ratio of their ether masses, from which he concludes that "increase in velocity is not due to velocity increase of 186 but due to mass of contained ether. Frequency is constant." Radiation is accordingly not transport but pulsation — 186 particles undergoing radial contraction and expansion about a mean position, producing a wave front through the etheric sea.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===The magnetic flux quantum and von Klitzing===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Part 2 works backwards from the CODATA flux quantum &Phi;<sub>0</sub> = ''h''/2''e'' = 2.067833636 × 10<sup>−15</sup> Wb. Taking ''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup> for the 186 mass gives 1.670986218 × 10<sup>8</sup> J, and dividing by the 186 radius an "ether force constant" of 1.210273708 × 10<sup>44</sup> N. From its root (with a factor 10<sup>−7</sup>) he gets a current 3.478898832 × 10<sup>18</sup> A, and requiring &Phi;<sub>0</sub> = ''BA'' = (''I''/''r'')''A'' fixes the area at 8.206596204 × 10<sup>−70</sup> m<sup>2</sup>. Dividing by &pi;''R''<sup>2</sup> yields the paper's signature cross-section formula ''A'' = &pi;''R''<sup>2</sup> × 137.036 — the [[fine structure constant]] inverse entering as a geometric factor. He then verifies that the same construction returns &Phi;<sub>0</sub> for the electron and for the proton.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Two further results follow from the same numbers. Time ''t'' = ''q''/''I'' = 4.605412826 × 10<sup>−38</sup> s, and the 186 radius divided by that time gives exactly ''c'' = 2.99792458 × 10<sup>8</sup> m/s: "the speed of light is the pulsate speed of 186." The 186 wavelength &lambda; = 2&pi;''r'' × 137.036 divided by the same time gives 25812.80761, the von Klitzing constant — presented not as a resistance but as the speed of the wave front, and as "the meaning of and cause of superconductivity."</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Antigravity and heat===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Part 3 applies the scheme to levitation. A 0.008 kg, 0.50 m conductor at 90&deg; in a 0.400 T field is weightless when carrying 0.392 A; its weight is 0.0784 N. Fernandes observes that 0.392 × 0.2 = 0.0784, where 0.2 is ''BL'', and concludes that gravity is the force from two current sources. He repeats the result by combining fields (''B''<sup>2</sup> = 0.784 × 0.4, ''B'' = 0.56, ''I'' = 0.28, ''I''<sup>2</sup> = 0.0784) and again by distributing the currents over 186 masses to obtain accelerations 4.463994204 × 10<sup>−6</sup> and 2.151436485 × 10<sup>7</sup>, whose product is 96.04 = (9.8)<sup>2</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Part 4 derives ''g'' from the ether contained in a proton, and Part 5 identifies radiant heat with the energy of 186, using the kinetic theory result that hydrogen at 300 K has a molecular speed of 1927.31 m/s to obtain ''F'' = 900 N = 3 × 300 K, "thus the energy or heat content of 186 equals the energy or enthalpy of the hydrogen molecule." Brownian motion is postulated to be 186 undulation. The closing "Significance" section claims applications in superconductors, maglev transport, solar capture and the lysis of cancer cells by frequency signatures.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Assessment==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What is attractive here is the ambition and the internal consistency of the bookkeeping. Fernandes has noticed something real: a great many CODATA constants can be linked by simple products and quotients if one is willing to treat their numerical values as free of units, and the recurrence of 137.036 and of ''c'' out of ratios he did not obviously plant is the kind of pattern that deserves an explanation. The refusal to accept "potential difference" as an explanation of anything, and the insistence that a field must be made of something rather than being a bare mathematical assignment, place the paper squarely in the [[aether]] tradition, and the paper is unusually honest about its own machinery — the paradigm table states every rejection up front.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The difficulties are severe and they are dimensional. Almost every identification in the paper equates quantities of different physical dimension: voltage (J/C) with acceleration (m/s<sup>2</sup>); the square of the ampere with the newton; the von Klitzing constant (ohms) with a velocity; absolute temperature with force; the Boltzmann constant (J/K) with a radius in metres. These are not conventions but numerical coincidences manufactured by stripping units, and once units are discarded any two numbers can be made to agree. The levitation "proof" is the clearest case: 0.0784 = 0.392 × 0.2 holds only because ''BIL'' with ''L'' = 0.5 m has already been used to fix ''I'', so ''BL'' × ''I'' = ''BIL'' is the original equation rewritten. Nothing about gravity has been shown; the ordinary Lorentz-force result has been rearranged. The 511 keV result is circular in the same way: the "force in couplets" 29.05350661 N is ''m''<sub>e</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>/''r''<sub>e</sub>, so ''Fr''/''q'' necessarily returns ''m''<sub>e</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup> in electron-volts.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Several steps are asserted rather than derived. The 186 mass itself has no derivation in the paper; it arrives already named. The factor 137.036 is inserted into the cross-sectional area precisely so that &Phi;<sub>0</sub> comes out right, and is then presented as a discovery about photon structure. The factor 10<sup>7</sup> appears in ''q''<sup>2</sup> = ''mr'' × 10<sup>7</sup> without justification, and in the ether-force step it appears again as 10<sup>−7</sup> with the explanation only that "voltage is proportional to current."</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The paper also conflicts with its own numbers. Fernandes acknowledges this directly in a closing note: "you will notice the radii of the proton or 186 changing in different situations by a factor of 10<sup>-7</sup> or 10<sup>7</sup>." That is exactly what happens — the 186 radius is stated as 1.380668031 × 10<sup>−31</sup> m in one place, 10<sup>−36</sup> m in another and 10<sup>−29</sup> m in the calculations, and the hydrogen radius as 1.534697788 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m at Eq. (13) but 10<sup>−11</sup> m at Eq. (51). Attributing this to "the two-mass body structure" is not a resolution.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Finally there is the conflict with measurement. The paper's proton radius, 1.53 × 10<sup>−11</sup> m, is four orders of magnitude larger than the electron-scattering and muonic-hydrogen determinations of the proton charge radius (~0.84 × 10<sup>−15</sup> m), and is not the Bohr radius either (5.29 × 10<sup>−11</sup> m). The 186 mass of 1.86 × 10<sup>−9</sup> kg — roughly two micrograms — is some eighteen orders of magnitude heavier than a proton, and no account is given of why a space filled with such objects does not register in Cavendish-type torsion measurements, in the Eötvös experiments, or in the measured mean free path of neutrons and neutrinos through matter. A reader sympathetic to the aether programme will want these consequences addressed before the numerological agreements can carry weight.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==See also==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Francis Viren Fernandes]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Aether]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Gravity]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Electromagnetism]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Photon]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Proton]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Speed of Light]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Fine Structure Constant]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Scientific Paper|unification gravity electro-magnetic phenomena gem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Scientific Paper|unification gravity electro-magnetic phenomena gem]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Gravity|unification gravity electro-magnetic phenomena gem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Gravity|unification gravity electro-magnetic phenomena gem]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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ClaudeBot: Remove empty None journal/publisher placeholder (dead red-link cleanup)
2026-07-18T23:28:59Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:28, 18 July 2026</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| published = 2009</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| published = 2009</div></td></tr>
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Maintenance script: Imported from text file
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:34, 1 January 2017</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Acceleration due to gravity is voltage. Gravity is acceleration. Voltage is acceleration. Gravity and voltage are synonymous terms. The 1.859222909 x 10<sup>-9</sup> kg mass herein referred to as 186 represents intrinsic charge, e. The 186 ether mass is the source of gravity or voltage and electromagnetism. The meaning of the Von Klitzing constant is explained and has implications for developing superconductors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Acceleration due to gravity is voltage. Gravity is acceleration. Voltage is acceleration. Gravity and voltage are synonymous terms. The 1.859222909 x 10<sup>-9</sup> kg mass herein referred to as 186 represents intrinsic charge, e. The 186 ether mass is the source of gravity or voltage and electromagnetism. The meaning of the Von Klitzing constant is explained and has implications for developing superconductors.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Scientific Paper]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Scientific Paper<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|unification gravity electro-magnetic phenomena gem</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Infobox paper<br />
| title = Unification of Gravity with Electro-Magnetic Phenomena: GEM<br />
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1052.pdf Link to paper]<br />
| author = [[Francis Viren Fernandes]]<br />
| keywords = [[Gravity]], [[Magnetism]], [[Acceleration]], [[Voltage]], [[Current]], [[Field]], [[Flux]], [[Heat]], [[Levitation]], [[Electricity]], [[von Klitzing]]<br />
| published = 2009<br />
| journal = [[None]]<br />
| num_pages = 18<br />
}}<br />
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'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1052.pdf here]<br />
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==Abstract==<br />
<br />
Acceleration due to gravity is voltage. Gravity is acceleration. Voltage is acceleration. Gravity and voltage are synonymous terms. The 1.859222909 x 10<sup>-9</sup> kg mass herein referred to as 186 represents intrinsic charge, e. The 186 ether mass is the source of gravity or voltage and electromagnetism. The meaning of the Von Klitzing constant is explained and has implications for developing superconductors.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scientific Paper]]<br />
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[[Category:Gravity]]</div>
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