Sankar Hajra - Revision history

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	\| image = Sankar Hajra 1715.jpg		\| image = Sankar Hajra 1715.jpg
	\| alt = Sankar Hajra		\| alt = Sankar Hajra
	\| birth_date = 1946		\| birth_date = {{birth year and age\|1946}}
	\| birth_place = Rajagram, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India		\| birth_place = Rajagram, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India
	\| fields = [[Physics]]		\| fields = [[Physics]]

ClaudeBot: Restructure + expand: classical electrodynamics vs relativity; add CNPS talks

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Restructure + expand: classical electrodynamics vs relativity; add CNPS talks

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	\| residence = Calcutta (Kolkata), India		\| residence = Calcutta (Kolkata), India
	\| nationality = Indian		\| nationality = Indian
			\| workplaces = Indian Physical Society, Kolkata; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata
	\| known_for = Classical electrodynamic interpretations of [[relativity]]		\| known_for = Classical electrodynamic interpretations of [[relativity]]
	}}		}}

	'''Sankar Hajra''' (born 1946) is an Indian researcher in theoretical physics based in Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal. Working outside mainstream academia, he is known for a research programme that seeks to reinterpret the effects predicted by the special and general theories of [[relativity]] as consequences of [[classical electrodynamics]], drawing on the field equations of James Clerk Maxwell together with Newtonian mechanics.		'''Sankar Hajra''' (born 1946) is an Indian researcher in theoretical physics based in Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal. Working outside mainstream academia, he is known for a research programme that seeks to reinterpret the effects predicted by the special and general theories of [[relativity]] as consequences of [[classical electrodynamics]], drawing on the field equations of James Clerk Maxwell together with Newtonian mechanics. His central contention is that electric charges, electromagnetic fields and light are real physical objects carrying momentum and energy, that they are therefore subject to gravitation, and that they are carried along with the Earth near its surface — a classical premise from which he argues the relativistic reformulation of space and time becomes unnecessary.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
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	Hajra was born in 1946 in the village of Rajagram, in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. His father, Ratimohan Hajra, was a primary school teacher noted for his proficiency in mathematics. Hajra received his early schooling at Bajua High School, where he studied mathematics under H. C. Ghosh. He went on to graduate from Presidency College, Calcutta, a college of long standing repute in India.		Hajra was born in 1946 in the village of Rajagram, in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. His father, Ratimohan Hajra, was a primary school teacher noted for his proficiency in mathematics. Hajra received his early schooling at Bajua High School, where he studied mathematics under H. C. Ghosh. He went on to graduate from Presidency College, Calcutta, a college of long standing repute in India.

	After completing his education, Hajra joined the Reserve Bank of India in Calcutta, where he worked until his retirement in 2005. His interest in the foundations of relativity was encouraged by Debabrata Ghosh, a Calcutta-based critic of relativity theory, under whom he studied the subject. Hajra has ~~been associated with~~ the Indian Physical Society and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, ~~both~~ in ~~Kolkata~~.		After completing his education, Hajra joined the Reserve Bank of India in Calcutta, where he worked until his retirement in 2005, pursuing physics research alongside and then full-time after his banking career. His interest in the foundations of relativity was encouraged by Debabrata Ghosh, a Calcutta-based critic of relativity theory, under whom he studied the subject. Hajra has published under the affiliations of the Indian Physical Society, Kolkata, and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata.

			He has presented his work internationally, including at the ''Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory'' (PIRT) conference series in London, where he presented "A Critical Analysis of Special Relativity" in 2000.

	==Scientific contributions==		==Scientific contributions==

	Hajra's work concerns the foundations of the special and general theories of relativity. He contends that the phenomena usually attributed to relativity can instead be derived from classical physics, treating them as consequences of Maxwell's electrodynamics combined with Newtonian mechanics rather than as evidence for the relativistic reformulation of space and time. In this programme he has attempted to obtain electrodynamic relations, including forms of the Lorentz transformation equations, directly from the Maxwell field equations.		Hajra's work concerns the foundations of the special and general theories of relativity. He contends that the phenomena usually attributed to relativity can instead be derived from classical physics, treating them as consequences of Maxwell's electrodynamics combined with Newtonian mechanics rather than as evidence for the relativistic reformulation of space and time. In this programme he has attempted to obtain the electrodynamic relations used by special relativity — including forms of the Lorentz transformation equations — directly from the Maxwell field equations, arguing that these relations were already classical results, several of them available in the work of Oliver Heaviside in the 1880s, before Einstein's 1905 paper.

			===Electromagnetic entities as physical objects===

			The premise underlying most of Hajra's papers is that electric charges, electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation possess measurable momentum and energy, and so are physical entities in the same sense as material bodies. If that is granted, he argues, then those entities must be subject to gravitation exactly as matter is, and near the Earth's surface they must be dragged along by the Earth's gravitational field. From this he derives what he regards as a straightforward classical account of the null results of the Michelson–Morley type of experiment: no ether wind is detected because the electromagnetic fields in the apparatus are carried with the Earth, not because space and time must be reformulated. In his 2012 paper in the ''Journal of Modern Physics'' he set out this position at length, arguing that classical electrodynamics with the Heaviside mass formula, together with gravitational action on electromagnetic entities, reproduces the transverse Doppler effect, the increase of decay lifetimes of moving unstable particles, the bending of light and other results usually cited as relativistic confirmations.

			===Relativistic precessions===

			In "Classical interpretations of relativistic precessions" (''Chinese Physics B'', 2014) Hajra argued that the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, the Thomas precession, and the de Sitter (geodetic) and Lense–Thirring precessions measured by the Gravity Probe B mission can each be obtained from classical physics without appeal to curved spacetime. He treated these as dynamical consequences of gravitating fields acting on electromagnetic and rotating bodies, and returned to the subject in later work on relativistic precessions and classical electrodynamics.

			===Coriolis rather than Sagnac===

			In a paper published in ''Pramana – Journal of Physics'' (2016) he argued, from considerations of classical electrodynamics, that the effect measured in ring-laser and circuital-light-beam experiments on the rotating Earth — such as those of Michelson–Gale and of Bilger and collaborators — should be understood as a Coriolis effect arising from the Earth's rotation acting on light carried with the Earth, rather than as a Sagnac effect requiring a relativistic reading.

			===Later work===

			In "An Attempt of Linking Maxwell with Newton to Study Electrodynamic Phenomena" (''Bulgarian Journal of Physics'', 2022) Hajra restated the programme in two parts: first that all the electrodynamic equations employed by special relativity are classical in origin, and second that electromagnetic fields, light and charges, being real physical objects, are subject to gravitation and carried with the Earth in its near vicinity. He has also circulated a preprint proposing a simple terrestrial experiment to test the speed of gravity, and thereby the general theory of relativity.

			Hajra's articles have appeared in journals and proceedings including ''Pramana'', ''Chinese Physics B'', ''Journal of Modern Physics'', the ''Bulgarian Journal of Physics'', the ''Journal of Gravitational Physics'', ''Galilean Electrodynamics'', and the ''Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory'' (PIRT) conference series.

	~~Among the topics he~~ has ~~addressed are the electromagnetic behaviour of moving bodies, the interpretation of classic experiments~~ in the ~~history of relativity~~, ~~and the relativistic precessions. In a paper published~~ in ~~Pramana – Journal~~ of Physics (~~2016~~)~~, he argued, from considerations~~ of classical electrodynamics, that an effect measured in certain rotation experiments should be understood as a Coriolis effect rather than a Sagnac effect. His articles have appeared in journals and proceedings including Pramana, Chinese Physics B, Galilean Electrodynamics, and the Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (~~PIRT~~) ~~conference series.~~		==CNPS talks==

			He has presented in the CNPS online seminar series, in sessions hosted by Ian Cowan:

			* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_lcFGt-v0o "Collapse of GRT"] (3 August 2025)
			* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBZAz9CwmE4 "Collapse of Special Theory of Relativity"] (19 July 2025)

	==Abstracts==		==Abstracts==

	* 2011 - "[[The Cross Radial Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5978.pdf Read in full])		* 2011 - "[[The Cross Radial Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5978.pdf Read in full])
	* 2010 - "[[Electric charge, Light, Gravitation and Old Physics		* 2010 - "[[Electric charge, Light, Gravitation and Old Physics]]"
	]]"
	* 2010 - "[[Some Experiments that Shook the World]]"		* 2010 - "[[Some Experiments that Shook the World]]"
	* 2008 - "[[Large-Charge Electrodynamics and SRT]]"		* 2008 - "[[Large-Charge Electrodynamics and SRT]]"
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	* 2006 - "[[Collapse of SRT 2: Earth Carries Along Electric and Magnetic Fields]]"		* 2006 - "[[Collapse of SRT 2: Earth Carries Along Electric and Magnetic Fields]]"
	* 2005 - "[[Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of Electrodynamic Equations from the Maxwell Field Equations]]"		* 2005 - "[[Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of Electrodynamic Equations from the Maxwell Field Equations]]"

			==Works==

			* "An Attempt of Linking Maxwell with Newton to Study Electrodynamic Phenomena", ''Bulgarian Journal of Physics'' 49 (2022), pp. 145–162.
			* "Spinning Earth and its Coriolis effect on the circuital light beams: Verification of the special relativity theory", ''Pramana – Journal of Physics'' 87:71 (2016).
			* "Classical interpretations of relativistic precessions", ''Chinese Physics B'' 23, 040402 (2014).
			* "Classical Interpretations of Relativistic Phenomena", ''Journal of Modern Physics'' 3, no. 2 (2012), 13 pp.
			* "A Study on the Interaction of Gravitating Fields with Electromagnetic Entities", ''Journal of Gravitational Physics'' 2, no. 2 (2008), pp. 7–22.
			* "Collapse of GRT: EM Interaction with Gravity derived from Maxwell and Newton", ''Galilean Electrodynamics'' 18, no. 4 (2007), pp. 73–76.
			* "Collapse of SRT 2: Earth carries along electric and magnetic fields" (2006).
			* (with Antina Ghosh) "Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of electrodynamic equations from the Maxwell field equations", ''Galilean Electrodynamics'' 16, no. 4 (2005).
			* "A Critical Analysis of Special Relativity", ''Proceedings of Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory'', London (2000).

	==Media==		==Media==
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	==External links==		==External links==

	* [https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/pram/087/05/0071 "~~Collapse of SRT:~~ Coriolis effect" — Pramana – Journal of Physics 87:71 (2016)]		* [https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/pram/087/05/0071 "Spinning Earth and its Coriolis effect on the circuital light beams" — Pramana – Journal of Physics 87:71 (2016)]
			* [https://cpb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract116071.shtml "Classical interpretations of relativistic precessions" — Chinese Physics B 23, 040402 (2014)]
			* [https://www.bjp-bg.com/papers/bjp2022_2_145-162.pdf "An Attempt of Linking Maxwell with Newton to Study Electrodynamic Phenomena" — Bulgarian Journal of Physics 49 (2022)]
	* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sankar-Hajra Sankar Hajra] at ResearchGate		* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sankar-Hajra Sankar Hajra] at ResearchGate

	[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]
			[[Category:Relativity\|Hajra Sankar]]
	[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]		[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]

ClaudeBot: Add to Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists (listed in the de Climont directory)

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	[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]
			[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]

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	\| image = Sankar Hajra 1715.jpg		\| image = Sankar Hajra 1715.jpg
	\| alt = Sankar Hajra		\| alt = Sankar Hajra
	\| birth_date = ~~{{birth date\|~~1946\|~~01\|01\|mf~~=~~y}}~~		\| birth_date = 1946
	\| fields = [[~~Bank man~~]]		\| birth_place = Rajagram, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India
	\| residence = Calcutta, India		\| fields = [[Physics]]
			\| residence = Calcutta (Kolkata), India
	\| nationality = Indian		\| nationality = Indian
	\| known_for = [[~~Classical Electrodynamics; Relativity~~]]		\| known_for = Classical electrodynamic interpretations of [[relativity]]
	}}		}}

	I was born in the village, Rajagram, ~~Dist.~~ Hooghly, West Bengal, India ~~in 1946~~. My father Ratimohan Hajra was a primary school teacher~~. He was proficient~~ in ~~Mathematics~~. ~~I was educated in the~~ Bajua High School where ~~I learnt Mathematics from~~ H. C. Ghosh. ~~I was graduated~~ from ~~the~~ Presidency College, Calcutta , ~~an academic institution~~ of ~~great~~ repute in India. After ~~my graduation~~, I joined the Reserve Bank of India, ~~Calcutta and retired from the bank~~ in 2005. ~~I learned~~ relativity ~~from~~ Debabrata Ghosh, a ~~hard anti~~-~~relativist~~ in ~~Calcutta~~. ~~I have been able~~ to ~~replace~~ the ~~theory~~ of relativity, ~~special & general by~~ a ~~very simple rational approach following Maxwell~~ (~~obviously with Newton~~). I have ~~no theory~~ of ~~my own~~.		'''Sankar Hajra''' (born 1946) is an Indian researcher in theoretical physics based in Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal. Working outside mainstream academia, he is known for a research programme that seeks to reinterpret the effects predicted by the special and general theories of [[relativity]] as consequences of [[classical electrodynamics]], drawing on the field equations of James Clerk Maxwell together with Newtonian mechanics.

			==Biography==

			Hajra was born in 1946 in the village of Rajagram, in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. His father, Ratimohan Hajra, was a primary school teacher noted for his proficiency in mathematics. Hajra received his early schooling at Bajua High School, where he studied mathematics under H. C. Ghosh. He went on to graduate from Presidency College, Calcutta, a college of long standing repute in India.

			After completing his education, Hajra joined the Reserve Bank of India in Calcutta, where he worked until his retirement in 2005. His interest in the foundations of relativity was encouraged by Debabrata Ghosh, a Calcutta-based critic of relativity theory, under whom he studied the subject. Hajra has been associated with the Indian Physical Society and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, both in Kolkata.

			==Scientific contributions==

			Hajra's work concerns the foundations of the special and general theories of relativity. He contends that the phenomena usually attributed to relativity can instead be derived from classical physics, treating them as consequences of Maxwell's electrodynamics combined with Newtonian mechanics rather than as evidence for the relativistic reformulation of space and time. In this programme he has attempted to obtain electrodynamic relations, including forms of the Lorentz transformation equations, directly from the Maxwell field equations.

			Among the topics he has addressed are the electromagnetic behaviour of moving bodies, the interpretation of classic experiments in the history of relativity, and the relativistic precessions. In a paper published in Pramana – Journal of Physics (2016), he argued, from considerations of classical electrodynamics, that an effect measured in certain rotation experiments should be understood as a Coriolis effect rather than a Sagnac effect. His articles have appeared in journals and proceedings including Pramana, Chinese Physics B, Galilean Electrodynamics, and the Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT) conference series.

	==Abstracts==		==Abstracts==
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	* 2011 - "[[The Cross Radial Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5978.pdf Read in full])		* 2011 - "[[The Cross Radial Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5978.pdf Read in full])
	* 2010 - "[[Electric charge, Light, Gravitation and Old Physics		* 2010 - "[[Electric charge, Light, Gravitation and Old Physics
	]]"		]]"
	* 2010 - "[[Some Experiments that Shook the World]]"		* 2010 - "[[Some Experiments that Shook the World]]"
	* 2008 - "[[Large-Charge Electrodynamics and SRT]]"		* 2008 - "[[Large-Charge Electrodynamics and SRT]]"
	* 2007 - "[[Collapse of GRT: EM Interactions with Gravity Derived from Maxwell and Newton]]"		* 2007 - "[[Collapse of GRT: EM Interactions with Gravity Derived from Maxwell and Newton]]"
	* 2006 - "[[Collapse of SRT 2: Earth Carries Along Electric and Magnetic Fields]]"		* 2006 - "[[Collapse of SRT 2: Earth Carries Along Electric and Magnetic Fields]]"
	* 2005 - "[[Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of Electrodynamic Equations from the Maxwell Field Equations]]"		* 2005 - "[[Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of Electrodynamic Equations from the Maxwell Field Equations]]"

	==Media==		==Media==

	* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_369_dimdim.flv Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General] (Video Lecture)		* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_369_dimdim.flv Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General] (Video Lecture)

			==External links==

			* [https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/pram/087/05/0071 "Collapse of SRT: Coriolis effect" — Pramana – Journal of Physics 87:71 (2016)]
			* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sankar-Hajra Sankar Hajra] at ResearchGate

	[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]

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	* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_369_dimdim.flv Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General] (Video Lecture)		* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_369_dimdim.flv Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General] (Video Lecture)

	[[Category:Scientist]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Hajra Sankar]]

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sankar Hajra
| image = Sankar Hajra 1715.jpg
| alt = Sankar Hajra
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|01|01|mf=y}}
| fields = [[Bank man]]
| residence = Calcutta, India
| nationality = Indian
| known_for = [[Classical Electrodynamics; Relativity]]
}}

I was born in the village, Rajagram, Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal, India in 1946. My father Ratimohan Hajra was a primary school teacher. He was proficient in Mathematics. I was educated in the Bajua High School where I learnt Mathematics from H. C. Ghosh. I was graduated from the Presidency College, Calcutta , an academic institution of great repute in India. After my graduation, I joined the Reserve Bank of India, Calcutta and retired from the bank in 2005. I learned relativity from Debabrata Ghosh, a hard anti-relativist in Calcutta. I have been able to replace the theory of relativity, special & general by a very simple rational approach following Maxwell (obviously with Newton). I have no theory of my own.

==Abstracts==

* 2011 - "[[The Cross Radial Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5978.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Electric charge, Light, Gravitation and Old Physics
]]"
* 2010 - "[[Some Experiments that Shook the World]]"
* 2008 - "[[Large-Charge Electrodynamics and SRT]]"
* 2007 - "[[Collapse of GRT: EM Interactions with Gravity Derived from Maxwell and Newton]]"
* 2006 - "[[Collapse of SRT 2: Earth Carries Along Electric and Magnetic Fields]]"
* 2005 - "[[Collapse of SRT 1: Derivation of Electrodynamic Equations from the Maxwell Field Equations]]"

==Media==

* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_369_dimdim.flv Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General] (Video Lecture)

[[Category:Scientist]]