Richard Benish - Revision history

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	\| image = Richard Benish 275.jpg		\| image = Richard Benish 275.jpg
	\| alt = Richard Benish		\| alt = Richard Benish
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1955\|11\|23~~\|mf=y~~}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1955\|11\|23}}
	\| fields = [[Gravitation]], [[Physics]]		\| fields = [[Gravitation]], [[Physics]]
	\| residence = Eugene, OR, United States		\| residence = Eugene, OR, United States

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	\| alt = Richard Benish		\| alt = Richard Benish
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1955\|11\|23\|mf=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1955\|11\|23\|mf=y}}
	\| fields = [[~~Artist~~]], [[~~Visual Arts~~]]		\| fields = [[Gravitation]], [[Physics]]
	\| residence = Eugene, OR, United States		\| residence = Eugene, OR, United States
	\| nationality = USA		\| nationality = USA
	\| known_for = [[Gravity]], [[Relativity]]		\| known_for = [[Gravity]], [[Relativity]], Space Generation Model
	}}		}}

	In the mid ~~1980's I realized~~ that a new idea ~~I'd~~ been ~~kicking around~~ about gravity could be tested by by a laboratory experiment. The ~~first priority was to find out if the experiment had been done before. Or, if not, then would any less direct observational data bear on the idea's viability? The~~ experiment ~~would involve testing~~ a ~~well known~~ prediction of Newtonian gravity: given a uniformly dense sphere with a hole through its center, ~~how will~~ a test object released ~~from~~ the surface ~~move in~~ the ~~hole? Research (at UC Berkeley Libraries) and correspondence with physicists indicated~~ that this prediction ~~had no~~ empirical ~~verification. <div><br class=~~"~~webkit~~-~~block~~-~~placeholder~~" ~~/> </div> <div>~~In ~~principle, the kinematics of star clusters would reveal whether the idea -- which I had come to call the~~ "Space Generation Model" ~~of gravitation -- was correct or~~ not~~. Observational data available~~ in the ~~1980's was inadequate to give any indication one way or~~ the ~~other~~. In the ~~last 20 years, however, data have slowly begun~~ to ~~accumulate involving comparisons of proper motion vs line~~-~~of-sight velocity dispersions in globular clusters~~. ~~Though far from conclusive~~, ~~these comparisons reveal a pattern predicted by~~ the SGM. </~~div~~> <~~div~~><~~br class="webkit-block-placeholder"~~ /> </~~div> <div>Unlike these encouraging but still quite inconclusive observations~~, ~~the results~~ of ~~the laboratory experiment would leave no doubt as to the SGM'~~s ~~viability. Since the~~ model ~~is a radical departure from both Newtonian gravity and General Relativity~~, ~~it has been quite clear, therefore, that my highest priority should be to do the experiment myself or to convince other scientists to do it~~. I have been ~~engaged in both endeavors up to~~ the ~~present time~~. ~~</div>~~		'''Richard J. Benish''' (born November 23, 1955) is an American independent researcher in [[gravitation]] based in Eugene, Oregon. He is best known for developing the "Space Generation Model" (SGM) of gravity and for advocating a laboratory experiment intended to test the motion of a test object inside a massive body, an idea he traces to a question first posed by Galileo in 1632. His work departs from both Newtonian gravity and [[General Relativity\|general relativity]] and lies outside the scientific mainstream.

			==Biography==

			Benish is a self-described independent investigator who has pursued gravitation research outside of any conventional academic or institutional affiliation. He conducted much of his early literature research at the University of California, Berkeley libraries and corresponded with physicists in an effort to determine whether the experiment he envisioned had ever been performed. He operates a website, Gravitation Lab (gravitationlab.com), through which he publishes and promotes his ideas, and he has posted numerous papers to preprint and repository services including viXra, PhilArchive, Academia.edu and ResearchGate.

			==Scientific contributions==

			Benish reports that in the mid-1980s he concluded that a new idea he had been developing about gravity could be tested by a laboratory experiment. The proposed experiment tests a prediction common to both Newtonian gravity and general relativity: given a uniformly dense sphere with a hole bored through its center, a test object released at the surface is conventionally expected to oscillate back and forth through the center. Benish argues that this prediction has never been directly verified by experiment, describing what he calls an "empirical gap" in gravitational physics, and he proposes an apparatus—which he has called a "Small Low-Energy Non-Collider" and a modified Cavendish balance—to carry it out.

			In Benish's "Space Generation Model," gravity is conceived not as spacetime curvature but as a process in which matter continuously generates space through an outward motion, with the cumulative effect being an exponential expansion of the universe. He has argued that the model gives new meaning to the so-called "large numbers coincidences" and relates the [[gravitational constant]] to other physical constants. Whereas standard theory predicts an object dropped into the central hole would oscillate indefinitely, the SGM predicts it would stop short of the center. Benish has also written on a derivation of a maximum force, {{nowrap\|1=''F''<sub>max</sub> = ''c''<sup>4</sup>/4''G''}}, which he presents as consistent with general relativity, and he has suggested that proper-motion versus line-of-sight velocity comparisons in [[globular cluster]]s show a pattern consistent with his model, while acknowledging such observations are inconclusive. These ideas have not been accepted by the mainstream physics community.

	==Abstracts==		==Abstracts==
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	* 2008 - "[[Empirical Gap in Newtonian Gravity]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_165.pdf Read in full])		* 2008 - "[[Empirical Gap in Newtonian Gravity]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_165.pdf Read in full])
	* 2008 - "[[Light and Clock Behavior in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_679.pdf Read in full])		* 2008 - "[[Light and Clock Behavior in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_679.pdf Read in full])
	* 2008 - "[[Space Generation Model of Gravitation and the Large Numbers Coincidences]]"		* 2008 - "[[Space Generation Model of Gravitation and the Large Numbers Coincidences]]"
	* 2000 - "[[Modified Cavendish Balance for Testing Gravitational Interior Solution]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5781.pdf Read in full])		* 2000 - "[[Modified Cavendish Balance for Testing Gravitational Interior Solution]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5781.pdf Read in full])

			==External links==

			* [https://gravitationlab.com/ Gravitation Lab] – Benish's personal research website
			* [https://philpapers.org/rec/BENLTO Laboratory Test of a Class of Gravity Models] on PhilPapers

	[[Category:Scientist\|Benish Richard]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Benish Richard]]

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	* 2000 - "[[Modified Cavendish Balance for Testing Gravitational Interior Solution]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5781.pdf Read in full])		* 2000 - "[[Modified Cavendish Balance for Testing Gravitational Interior Solution]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5781.pdf Read in full])

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Richard Benish
| image = Richard Benish 275.jpg
| alt = Richard Benish
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|11|23|mf=y}}
| fields = [[Artist]], [[Visual Arts]]
| residence = Eugene, OR, United States
| nationality = USA
| known_for = [[Gravity]], [[Relativity]]
}}

In the mid 1980's I realized that a new idea I'd been kicking around about gravity could be tested by by a laboratory experiment. The first priority was to find out if the experiment had been done before. Or, if not, then would any less direct observational data bear on the idea's viability? The experiment would involve testing a well known prediction of Newtonian gravity: given a uniformly dense sphere with a hole through its center, how will a test object released from the surface move in the hole? Research (at UC Berkeley Libraries) and correspondence with physicists indicated that this prediction had no empirical verification. <div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder" /> </div> <div>In principle, the kinematics of star clusters would reveal whether the idea -- which I had come to call the "Space Generation Model" of gravitation -- was correct or not. Observational data available in the 1980's was inadequate to give any indication one way or the other. In the last 20 years, however, data have slowly begun to accumulate involving comparisons of proper motion vs line-of-sight velocity dispersions in globular clusters. Though far from conclusive, these comparisons reveal a pattern predicted by the SGM. </div> <div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder" /> </div> <div>Unlike these encouraging but still quite inconclusive observations, the results of the laboratory experiment would leave no doubt as to the SGM's viability. Since the model is a radical departure from both Newtonian gravity and General Relativity, it has been quite clear, therefore, that my highest priority should be to do the experiment myself or to convince other scientists to do it. I have been engaged in both endeavors up to the present time. </div>

==Abstracts==

* 2009 - "[[Maximum Force Derived from Basic Physical Principles]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_4667.pdf Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Space Generation Model of Gravity, Cosmic Numbers & Dark Energy]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_4516.pdf Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Strong Field Gravity in the Space Generation Model]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_4517.pdf Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Empirical Gap in Newtonian Gravity]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_165.pdf Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Light and Clock Behavior in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_679.pdf Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Space Generation Model of Gravitation and the Large Numbers Coincidences]]"
* 2000 - "[[Modified Cavendish Balance for Testing Gravitational Interior Solution]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5781.pdf Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist]]