Paul Schroeder - Revision history

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	\| image = Paul Schroeder 786.jpg		\| image = Paul Schroeder 786.jpg
	\| alt = Paul Schroeder		\| alt = Paul Schroeder
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1942\|09\|~~03\|mf=y~~}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1942\|9\|3}}
	\| fields = [[Mathematician]], [[Computer Programmer]], [[MIS Director]]		\| fields = [[Mathematician]], [[Computer Programmer]], [[MIS Director]]
	\| residence = Wind Lake, WI, United States		\| residence = Wind Lake, WI, United States

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	Paul Schroeder ~~has a strong technical background~~, ~~being a mathematics major from Beloit College (1964~~), ~~followed up by~~ a ~~successful~~ career in computer programming and ~~directing~~ MIS ~~(Management Information Science~~) ~~projects. His background in computer programming allows him to identify weaknesses in scientific thinking~~, ~~including those~~ that he ~~has discovered~~ in the ~~current theories on space-time~~ and ~~gravitational forces. I have spent many years contemplating gravity. It has led me to an interrelated overall view~~ of the ~~universe. I will outline~~ the ~~perspective here~~.		'''Paul Schroeder''' (born September 3, 1942) is an American independent researcher and dissident-science author based in Wind Lake, Wisconsin. Trained as a mathematician and having spent his career in computer programming and management information systems (MIS), he has developed an alternative theory of [[Gravity]] that he describes as "external gravitation," in which gravity acts as a pushing pressure rather than an attractive force. He is the author of the book ''The Universe Is Otherwise: External Gravitation'' (2006) and a member of the [[John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society]] (formerly the Natural Philosophy Alliance).

	A. If you accept that cosmological redshift is a Doppler effect indicating motion away, then you must accept the big bang. Any expansion of the universe, when viewed in reverse  leads to a starting point.  Expansion theory requires a big bang. For this reason claims of flaws in the logic of expansion hold no weight.  Ultimately the redshift mechanism must be corrected. The logical cause of cosmological redshift is gravity.		==Biography==

	A'. ~~Light from distant stars~~ and ~~galaxies is redshifted by source~~ and ~~destination gravity~~. ~~The redshift is not a Doppler event, there is no big bang,~~ the universe ~~is static~~.		Schroeder graduated from [[Beloit College]] in 1964 with a major in mathematics. He subsequently pursued a career in computer programming and in directing MIS (Management Information Systems) projects. He has stated that his background in computer programming shaped his critical approach to physics, leading him to identify what he regards as weaknesses in the prevailing theories of space-time and gravitation. Over many years he developed an interrelated overall view of the universe, which he set out in his writings and self-published book.

	~~B. Gravitation as attraction leads to 'action at a distance' (as does Copenhagen) and cant be tolerated.~~		==Scientific contributions==

	~~This material is more fully explained in my book 'The Universe is Otherwise~~'		Schroeder's work centers on a reinterpretation of gravity and cosmology that rejects gravitational attraction and the [[Big bang]] model. His main claims include:

	'''~~Websites:~~'''		* '''External, pushing gravity.''' Schroeder argues that treating gravitation as attraction leads to unacceptable "action at a distance." In his model, gravity is instead a pushing pressure produced by long-wavelength radiation beams moving in all directions. These beams create the structure of space and press upon matter; because masses diminish and modify the pressure passing through them, the net imbalance produces the effect conventionally described as attractive gravity.

	* ~~[http://www~~.~~prweb~~.~~com/releases/2006/07/prweb417070~~.~~htm Our Notion of Gravity May Be All Wrong]~~		* '''Paeps.''' Schroeder coined the term "paeps" for the hypothetical gravity particles or wave components that carry this external pressure. He describes paeps as individual waves within radiation beams that penetrate matter and are partially converted or diminished by it.
	* [~~http://www~~.~~bautforum~~.~~com/members/paul-schroeder~~.~~html Bad Astronomy~~ and ~~Universe Today Forum]~~
	* [http://www.~~beloit.edu/belmag/06_fall/06_fall_content~~/~~06_fall_bookshelf~~.~~html Beloit College Magazine]~~		* '''Redshift and a static universe.''' Schroeder contends that the [[cosmological redshift]] is caused by gravity acting on light from source and destination masses rather than by Doppler motion. On this basis he argues that there is no Big Bang and that the universe is static rather than expanding.
	* Meta Research
			* '''Rotation and orbital motion.''' In later papers he proposed that the rotation of central bodies drives the orbital revolutions of surrounding masses, and applied his framework to planetary formation and galactic rotation rates.

			These ideas are outside the scientific mainstream and are not accepted by the broader physics community. Schroeder has presented his work primarily through self-publication, independent science venues such as the General Science Journal, and conferences and video lectures of the Natural Philosophy Alliance / John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society.

	==Abstracts==		==Abstracts==
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	* 2014 - "[[A Flowing View of the Nature and Geometry of Space.]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7251.doc Read in full])		* 2014 - "[[A Flowing View of the Nature and Geometry of Space.]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7251.doc Read in full])
	* 2013 - "[[Mass Rotation Controls Orbiting]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7070.doc Read in full])		* 2013 - "[[Mass Rotation Controls Orbiting]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7070.doc Read in full])
	* 2013 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]"		* 2013 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]"
	* 2012 - "[[Central Body Rotation Drives Orbital Revolutions]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6717.pdf Read in full])		* 2012 - "[[Central Body Rotation Drives Orbital Revolutions]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6717.pdf Read in full])
	* 2012 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6527.pdf Read in full])		* 2012 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6527.pdf Read in full])
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	]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5175.pdf Read in full])		]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5175.pdf Read in full])
	* 2009 - "[[Motions, Rotations, and Revolutions (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 3)]]"		* 2009 - "[[Motions, Rotations, and Revolutions (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 3)]]"
	* 2009 - "[[Solar System - The Making of Planets: from The Universe is Otherwise]]"		* 2009 - "[[Solar System - The Making of Planets: from The Universe is Otherwise]]"
	* 2009 - "[[The Spectrum of Existence (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 2)]]"		* 2009 - "[[The Spectrum of Existence (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 2)]]"
	* 2008 - "[[Cosmological Redshift is Caused by Gravitation, Not Doppler Motion]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1003.pdf Read in full])		* 2008 - "[[Cosmological Redshift is Caused by Gravitation, Not Doppler Motion]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1003.pdf Read in full])
	* 2008 - "[[Gravity Particles: Outline of the Properties of Paeps]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1053.pdf Read in full])		* 2008 - "[[Gravity Particles: Outline of the Properties of Paeps]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1053.pdf Read in full])
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	* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_129_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise Part 2] (Video Lecture)		* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_129_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise Part 2] (Video Lecture)
	* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_99_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise] (Video Lecture)		* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_99_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise] (Video Lecture)

			==External links==

			* [https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Profile/2179/Paul,%20Schroeder Paul Schroeder profile at the General Science Journal]
			* [http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/07/prweb417070.htm Our Notion of Gravity May Be All Wrong] (press release)
			* [http://www.bautforum.com/members/paul-schroeder.html Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum profile]
			* [http://www.beloit.edu/belmag/06_fall/06_fall_content/06_fall_bookshelf.html Beloit College Magazine bookshelf]

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	* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_99_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise] (Video Lecture)		* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_99_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise] (Video Lecture)

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Paul Schroeder
| image = Paul Schroeder 786.jpg
| alt = Paul Schroeder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|09|03|mf=y}}
| fields = [[Mathematician]], [[Computer Programmer]], [[MIS Director]]
| residence = Wind Lake, WI, United States
| nationality = USA
| known_for = [[Gravity]], [[Universe]], [[Cosmology]], [[Big bang]], [[Unification]]
}}

Paul Schroeder has a strong technical background, being a mathematics major from Beloit College (1964), followed up by a successful career in computer programming and directing MIS (Management Information Science) projects. His background in computer programming allows him to identify weaknesses in scientific thinking, including those that he has discovered in the current theories on space-time and gravitational forces. I have spent many years contemplating gravity. It has led me to an interrelated overall view of the universe. I will outline the perspective here.

A. If you accept that cosmological redshift is a Doppler effect indicating motion away, then you must accept the big bang. Any expansion of the universe, when viewed in reverse  leads to a starting point.  Expansion theory requires a big bang. For this reason claims of flaws in the logic of expansion hold no weight.  Ultimately the redshift mechanism must be corrected. The logical cause of cosmological redshift is gravity. 

A'. Light from distant stars and galaxies is redshifted by source and destination gravity. The redshift is not a Doppler event, there is no big bang, the universe is static.

B. Gravitation as attraction leads to 'action at a distance' (as does Copenhagen) and cant be tolerated.

This material is more fully explained in my book 'The Universe is Otherwise'

'''Websites:'''

* [http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/07/prweb417070.htm Our Notion of Gravity May Be All Wrong]
* [http://www.bautforum.com/members/paul-schroeder.html Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum]
* [http://www.beloit.edu/belmag/06_fall/06_fall_content/06_fall_bookshelf.html Beloit College Magazine]
* Meta Research

==Abstracts==

* 2015 - "[[Structure and Gravity]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7291.docx Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Gravity is A Pushing Force ]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7299.pdf Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Flowing view 2]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7253.pdf Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[A Flowing View of the Nature and Geometry of Space.]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7251.doc Read in full])
* 2013 - "[[Mass Rotation Controls Orbiting]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7070.doc Read in full])
* 2013 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]"
* 2012 - "[[Central Body Rotation Drives Orbital Revolutions]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6717.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Creating Matter from EM Radiation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6527.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Gravity and Revolution Rates within Galaxies]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6613.pdf Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Get 'Real' About Gravity]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6037.pdf Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Ignoring Newton's Hints Brought Scientific Chaos

]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6038.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Gravity from the Ground Up

]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5175.pdf Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Motions, Rotations, and Revolutions (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 3)]]"
* 2009 - "[[Solar System - The Making of Planets: from The Universe is Otherwise]]"
* 2009 - "[[The Spectrum of Existence (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 2)]]"
* 2008 - "[[Cosmological Redshift is Caused by Gravitation, Not Doppler Motion]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1003.pdf Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Gravity Particles: Outline of the Properties of Paeps]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1053.pdf Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Paeps: External Gravity Particles (The Universe is Otherwise: Part 1)]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_3224.pdf Read in full])
* 0 - "[[A Flowing View Part 2]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_7252.pdf Read in full])

==Books==

* 2006 - "[[The Universe Is Otherwise: External Gravitation]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Universe-Otherwise-External-Gravitation/dp/1419632310/ref=tag_stp_st_edpp_ttl Read in full])

==Media==

* 2010 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_311_dimdim.flv Gravity from the Ground Up] (Video Lecture)
* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_129_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise Part 2] (Video Lecture)
* 2009 - [http://www.worldsci.org/videos/dimdim/event_99_dimdim.flv The Universe is Otherwise] (Video Lecture)

[[Category:Scientist]]