Masao Gorai - Revision history

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	\| birth_date = 1916		\| birth_date = 1916
	\| birth_place = [[Fukushima Prefecture]], Japan		\| birth_place = [[Fukushima Prefecture]], Japan
	\| death_date = {{death date\|2002\|2\|4\|~~mf=y~~}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|2002\|2\|4\|1916}}
	\| fields = [[Geologist]], petrology		\| fields = [[Geologist]], petrology
	\| workplaces = Tokyo University of Education		\| workplaces = Tokyo University of Education

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			[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]

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	\| image = Masao Gorai 989.jpg		\| image = Masao Gorai 989.jpg
	\| alt = Masao Gorai		\| alt = Masao Gorai
	\| birth_date = ~~{{birth date\|~~1916\|~~00\|00\|mf~~=~~y}}~~		\| birth_date = 1916
	\| death_date = {{~~birth~~ date\|2002\|02\|04\|mf=y}}		\| birth_place = [[Fukushima Prefecture]], Japan
	\| fields = [[Geologist]]		\| death_date = {{death date\|2002\|2\|4\|mf=y}}
			\| fields = [[Geologist]], petrology
			\| workplaces = Tokyo University of Education
			\| alma_mater = Tokyo University of Education
	\| residence = Haramachi-Shi, Japan		\| residence = Haramachi-Shi, Japan
	\| nationality = Japanese		\| nationality = Japanese
	\| known_for = [[Expanding Earth]]		\| known_for = Plagioclase twin (Gorai) method, [[Expanding Earth]]
	}}		}}

	Gorai ~~was born in~~ 1916~~, graduated from the Tokyo University of Education and dedicated all his life to the study of magmatism and earth evolution. He~~ was ~~one of the three founding members of the Geological Collaboration Association of Japan (CHIDANKEN). The paper on Gorai Twin first appeared in~~ a Japanese ~~journal in 1947~~, and ~~petrologists in other parts~~ of ~~the world had to wait until 1951 when the paper was published in American Mineralogist. The method enabled the distinction between igneous~~ and ~~metamorphic granites~~, ~~a topic of hot debates~~ in ~~the 1940s to 1950s. In addition to~~ his ~~above classic paper~~, ~~Gorai also published another important paper in 1951, as the clear antithesis to the Bowen?s primary basaltic magma theory, emphasizing the role~~ of the ~~interaction of crustal material and mantle material in the process~~ of ~~magma generation~~. ~~In middle 1950s, M. Gorai changed the idea of granite genesis from the granitization of sedimentary rocks to mantle derivation through~~ his ~~new study of Pb isotopes. He inaugurated and developed~~ the ~~isotopic petrology laboratory in his department, and made many pioneer and advanced studies based on both Rb?Sr and Sm?Nd isotopic systematics, opening a new generation~~ of petrologists and isotope geochemists. M. Gorai?s first series of Japanese textbooks, Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks appeared in 1955-1958. The books carried a series of ideas of magma generation through mantle-crust interaction. These, ~~and~~ his subsequent works encouraged many young Japanese researchers. M. Gorai was in agreement with the Masao Gorai (1916-2002) Gondwana Research (Gondwana Newsletter Section) V. 6, No. 4, pp. 938-939. ? 2003 International Association for Gondwana Research, Japan. GNL Gondwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003 939 Wegener?s continental drift theory, but disagreed to ~~extend it into further earlier times. He was inclined more towards~~ the ~~concept~~ of ~~expanding earth,~~ and ~~considered this responsible for~~ the ~~principal dispersion~~ of the ~~supercontinent in the Cretaceous time. His textbooks after the 1970s are based on the above idea~~.		'''Masao Gorai''' (牛来正夫, 1916 – 4 February 2002) was a Japanese [[geologist]] and petrologist, known for his work on feldspar twinning and the origin of granitic rocks and, in his later career, for his support of the [[Expanding Earth]] concept of global tectonics. He spent his career at the Tokyo University of Education, where he devoted his research to the study of magmatism and the evolution of the Earth.

	~~<span style~~=~~"font-weight: bold;">In His Own Words</span><br /><br /><span style~~=~~"font-style: italic;">"I have been investigating~~ the ~~tectonic and enigmatic evolution~~ of ~~the Earth for the past twelve years~~. ~~As a result I believe now that the most fundamental motive force responsible for such evolutional processes is the Earth's expansion, which might have happened through~~ the ~~inversion~~ of ~~super-dense phases deep in the~~ Earth ~~into ordinary molecular phases~~. ~~The inversion may perhaps be~~ the ~~result~~ of ~~pressure decrease which is due to~~ the ~~secular decrease~~ of ~~G in the expanding universe~~. ~~As an alternative, however, I would like to notice the problem of secular temperature increase deep in the Earth~~. ~~</span>~~		==Biography==
			Gorai was born in 1916 in [[Fukushima Prefecture]], Japan, and graduated from the Tokyo University of Education, where he later became a professor. He dedicated his career to the study of magmatism and Earth evolution. He was one of the three founding members of the Geological Collaboration Association of Japan (CHIDANKEN). He died on 4 February 2002.

	~~<span style~~="~~font-style: italic;~~"~~>Through my~~ study, I have been much inspired by several forerunners of the Earth's expansion hypothesis, especially by the excellent book of Dr. S. W. Carey, published in 1976</~~span>~~."		==Scientific contributions==
			Gorai's paper on the plagioclase twin now associated with his name first appeared in a Japanese journal in 1947; petrologists elsewhere had to wait until 1951, when the work was published in ''American Mineralogist'' as "Petrological studies on plagioclase twins." The method he proposed distinguished between the twinning of plagioclase in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and so enabled a distinction to be drawn between igneous and metamorphic granites, a topic of intense debate in the 1940s and 1950s.

			In addition to this classic paper, Gorai published another influential paper in 1951 as a clear antithesis to [[Norman L. Bowen\|Bowen]]'s primary basaltic magma theory, emphasizing the role of the interaction of crustal and mantle material in the process of magma generation. In the middle 1950s he changed his view of granite genesis from the granitization of sedimentary rocks to mantle derivation, on the basis of a new study of lead isotopes. He inaugurated and developed an isotopic petrology laboratory in his department and carried out pioneering studies based on both Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopic systematics, helping to train a new generation of petrologists and isotope geochemists.

			Gorai's first series of Japanese textbooks, ''Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks'', appeared in 1955–1958. The books developed his ideas of magma generation through mantle–crust interaction and encouraged many young Japanese researchers. Gorai was in agreement with [[Alfred Wegener\|Wegener]]'s [[continental drift]] theory but disagreed with extending it into much earlier times. He was inclined more toward the concept of the [[Expanding Earth]], which he considered responsible for the principal dispersion of the supercontinent in Cretaceous time. His textbooks after the 1970s are based on this idea.

			In his own account of this later work, Gorai wrote that he had "been investigating the tectonic and enigmatic evolution of the Earth" and had come to believe that "the most fundamental motive force responsible for such evolutional processes is the Earth's expansion, which might have happened through the inversion of super-dense phases deep in the Earth into ordinary molecular phases." He added that he had been "much inspired by several forerunners of the Earth's expansion hypothesis, especially by the excellent book of Dr. [[Samuel Warren Carey\|S. W. Carey]], published in 1976."

			==External links==
			* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11570151 Masao Gorai on Wikidata]
			* [https://msaweb.org/AmMin/AM36/AM36_884.pdf Gorai, M. (1951). "Petrological studies on plagioclase twins." ''American Mineralogist'' 36: 884–901 (PDF)]

			''Obituary: Masao Gorai (1916–2002), Gondwana Research (Gondwana Newsletter Section), V. 6, No. 4, pp. 938–939, 2003, International Association for Gondwana Research, Japan.''

	[[Category:Scientist\|Gorai Masao]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Gorai Masao]]
	[[Category:Expansion Tectonics\|Gorai Masao]]		[[Category:Expansion Tectonics\|Gorai Masao]]

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	<span style="font-style: italic;">Through my study, I have been much inspired by several forerunners of the Earth's expansion hypothesis, especially by the excellent book of Dr. S. W. Carey, published in 1976</span>."		<span style="font-style: italic;">Through my study, I have been much inspired by several forerunners of the Earth's expansion hypothesis, especially by the excellent book of Dr. S. W. Carey, published in 1976</span>."

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Masao Gorai
| image = Masao Gorai 989.jpg
| alt = Masao Gorai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|00|00|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{birth date|2002|02|04|mf=y}}
| fields = [[Geologist]]
| residence = Haramachi-Shi, Japan
| nationality = Japanese
| known_for = [[Expanding Earth]]
}}

Gorai was born in 1916, graduated from the Tokyo University of Education and dedicated all his life to the study of magmatism and earth evolution. He was one of the three founding members of the Geological Collaboration Association of Japan (CHIDANKEN). The paper on Gorai Twin first appeared in a Japanese journal in 1947, and petrologists in other parts of the world had to wait until 1951 when the paper was published in American Mineralogist. The method enabled the distinction between igneous and metamorphic granites, a topic of hot debates in the 1940s to 1950s. In addition to his above classic paper, Gorai also published another important paper in 1951, as the clear antithesis to the Bowen?s primary basaltic magma theory, emphasizing the role of the interaction of crustal material and mantle material in the process of magma generation. In middle 1950s, M. Gorai changed the idea of granite genesis from the granitization of sedimentary rocks to mantle derivation through his new study of Pb isotopes. He inaugurated and developed the isotopic petrology laboratory in his department, and made many pioneer and advanced studies based on both Rb?Sr and Sm?Nd isotopic systematics, opening a new generation of petrologists and isotope geochemists. M. Gorai?s first series of Japanese textbooks, Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks appeared in 1955-1958. The books carried a series of ideas of magma generation through mantle-crust interaction. These, and his subsequent works encouraged many young Japanese researchers. M. Gorai was in agreement with the Masao Gorai (1916-2002) Gondwana Research (Gondwana Newsletter Section) V. 6, No. 4, pp. 938-939. ? 2003 International Association for Gondwana Research, Japan. GNL Gondwana Research, V. 6, No. 4, 2003 939 Wegener?s continental drift theory, but disagreed to extend it into further earlier times. He was inclined more towards the concept of expanding earth, and considered this responsible for the principal dispersion of the supercontinent in the Cretaceous time. His textbooks after the 1970s are based on the above idea.

In His Own Words "I have been investigating the tectonic and enigmatic evolution of the Earth for the past twelve years. As a result I believe now that the most fundamental motive force responsible for such evolutional processes is the Earth's expansion, which might have happened through the inversion of super-dense phases deep in the Earth into ordinary molecular phases. The inversion may perhaps be the result of pressure decrease which is due to the secular decrease of G in the expanding universe. As an alternative, however, I would like to notice the problem of secular temperature increase deep in the Earth. 

Through my study, I have been much inspired by several forerunners of the Earth's expansion hypothesis, especially by the excellent book of Dr. S. W. Carey, published in 1976."

[[Category:Scientist]]
[[Category:Expansion Tectonics]]