Kristoffer Rypdal - Revision history

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	\| image = Kristoffer Rypdal 1689.jpg		\| image = Kristoffer Rypdal 1689.jpg
	\| alt = Kristoffer Rypdal		\| alt = Kristoffer Rypdal
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1951\|12\|~~02\|mf=y~~}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1951\|12\|2}}
	\| nationality = Norwegian		\| nationality = Norwegian
	\| fields = [[Professor of Physics]]; plasma physics; complex systems; climate dynamics		\| fields = [[Professor of Physics]]; plasma physics; complex systems; climate dynamics

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	[[Category:Scientist\|Rypdal Kristoffer]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Rypdal Kristoffer]]

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	\| alt = Kristoffer Rypdal		\| alt = Kristoffer Rypdal
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1951\|12\|02\|mf=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1951\|12\|02\|mf=y}}
	\| fields = [[Professor of Physics]]		\| nationality = Norwegian
			\| fields = [[Professor of Physics]]; plasma physics; complex systems; climate dynamics
			\| workplaces = University of Tromsø (UiT The Arctic University of Norway)
			\| known_for = Complex systems modelling; stochastic-dynamic modelling of Earth's climate
	\| residence = Norway		\| residence = Norway
	}}		}}

	~~As a young boy I wanted to become an actor, subsidiary a writer of great novels - until the day my teacher in junior high school started to chase that~~ ''x'' ~~on the blackboard. I couldn~~'~~t make sense of what he was doing, and I couldn~~'~~t make myself follow meaningless mathematical recipes. I have never been very good at following recipes, not even in cooking - which I actually enjoy~~ a lot. Because I couldn't make my left brain do what the right brain didn't grasp, my relationship to math grew into love-hate, which finally ended up on the love side after years of battle with the abstract concepts. In my student days every new semester presented new revelations of beauty and ~~order in Nature and in the world of mathematics.~~ The ~~power~~ of ~~reductionist thought appeared unlimited. I wanted to study~~ the ~~smallest constituents of matter, subnuclear physics, ?The Theory~~ of ~~Everything?~~. ~~Then I had two courses in statistical~~ physics, ~~and realized that a lot can be said about~~ the ~~behavior~~ of ~~matter without using much knowledge about the microscopic laws. After finishing my undergraduate studies in Oslo in 1973 I moved to the new arctic university in Troms?~~, and ~~started studying plasma physics:~~ the ~~physics of many~~-~~body systems~~ of ~~charged particles -~~ the ~~state of matter believed to comprise more than 99% of~~ the ~~matter in the universe. The plasma state spans over enormous ranges~~ of ~~particle densities~~ and ~~temperatures, but in most cases it can be described by classical physics, Newton' s laws~~ and ~~Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. Yet I learnt that the fundamental laws in their raw form were~~ of ~~little help in describing~~ the ~~actual dynamics of plasmas~~.		'''Kristoffer Rypdal''' is a Norwegian physicist and professor emeritus at UiT The Arctic University of Norway (formerly the University of Tromsø). His research career has ranged over plasma physics, the theory of complex systems, and the statistical and stochastic-dynamic modelling of the Earth's climate. He is affiliated with the university's Department of Mathematics and Statistics and is a member of the Complex Systems Modelling (CoSMo) research group.

	The first thing I learnt was that the complexity of an enormous number of ordinary differential equations describing an enormous number if interacting particles had to be reduced by some coarse graining of the description. This process of simplification, involving construction of kinetic equations and finally fluid equations, inevitably involves neglect of some many-body correlations, and hence the simplified models should in some sense be ?less accurate?. On the other hand, the simplified equations - like the fluid equations with some friction terms included (a simplified pair correlations between particles) - have the remarkable property that it ''gives time a direction''. While the ?accurate? microscopic equations are ''time-reversible'', the ?inaccurate? simplified dissipative model is ''irreversible''. One of the deepest experiences we have as living beings is that time has a direction. We do not grow younger. So in a sense, the simplified model is more accurate, since it makes a better representations of the reality we observe.		==Biography==

	~~During~~ the ~~1980's~~ the ~~new paradigm~~ of deterministic chaos ~~started to influence~~ the ~~sciences. The realization that simple systems~~ and ~~simple models with few degrees~~ of ~~freedom can exhibit extremely complex behavior~~ was ~~a shock to many scientists (also physicists), and even today~~ the ~~profound implications~~ of ~~this fact~~ is ~~not fully appreciated in the entire physics community~~.		Rypdal completed his undergraduate studies in physics in Oslo in 1973. He then moved to the newly founded University of Tromsø in Arctic Norway, where he began working in plasma physics, the study of many-body systems of charged particles. Over the course of his career his interests broadened from plasma physics toward the study of nonlinear dynamics, deterministic chaos, scale invariance, and complex systems more generally. In his later career his work centred on climate science, in particular the data analysis and stochastic-dynamic modelling of the Earth's climate. He was subsequently affiliated with the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at UiT and is now a professor emeritus.

	Another insight that also emerged in the 1980's was the omnipresence of ''scale-invariance ''in Nature, an insight that can be attributed mainly to Benoit Mandelbrot and beautifully described in his book ?The Fractal Geometry of Nature?. Per Bak and his collaborators demonstrated that such scale-invariance appears spontaneously in so called sandpile models. These are cellular automata with many degrees of freedom, but with extremely simple local interactions. This scale-invariance implies that the system organizes itself into a state where dynamical structures (often called ''avalanches'') appear at all available scales in space and time. Such ''critical phenomena'' were already known from phase-transitions in equilibrium statistical physics, like the distribution of ice-flakes on a pit at the moment of freezing. But in those cases the temperature must be adjusted to the freezing point. In the sandpile models the system organizes itself into the critical state and remains there, which is why Per Bak named the phenomenon ''self-organized criticality'' (SOC) and suggested that it could explain at least part of the ubiquity of scale-invariance in Nature.		==Research==

	~~The significance of the SOC-paradigm remains controversial~~, ~~but~~ the ~~idea~~ of ~~modeling reality as ''~~complex ~~systems'' consisting~~ of a large ~~number~~ of interacting ~~agents~~ that ~~exhibit emergent global behavior not imposed by an external controller~~, ~~is now accepted as~~ a ~~fruitful approach in many scientific communities~~.		Rypdal's early research concerned plasma physics, where he worked on the reduction of the complex dynamics of large systems of interacting charged particles into tractable kinetic and fluid descriptions. He has noted that such coarse-grained models, although formally "less accurate" than the underlying time-reversible microscopic equations, introduce dissipation and thereby give time a direction, providing an irreversible description that better matches observed behaviour.

	On the ~~pages~~ of ~~this web-site you will find brief descriptions~~ of ~~how~~ complex ~~system science can be used as an approach~~ to ~~understanding a wide range~~ of ~~phenomena belonging to different disciplines~~ of ~~science. The selection of approaches~~ and ~~phenomena reflects~~ the ~~interests~~ of ~~the Complex Systems Group~~, ~~but the plan is~~ to ~~expand~~ the ~~site~~ as ~~we learn more, and as more people join our informal group~~.		From the 1980s onward his interests followed the emergence of new paradigms in physics, including deterministic chaos and the recognition that simple deterministic systems with few degrees of freedom can produce highly complex behaviour. He was also drawn to the ubiquity of scale invariance in nature, associated with the fractal geometry of Benoit Mandelbrot, and to the concept of self-organized criticality (SOC) introduced by Per Bak, in which systems with many degrees of freedom and simple local interactions spontaneously organize into a critical state exhibiting scale-invariant "avalanche" dynamics across many scales in space and time. This led him to the broader programme of modelling reality as complex systems of many interacting agents that exhibit emergent global behaviour not imposed by any external controller.

	~~One~~ of the ~~main challenges is to develop a language of complex~~ system ~~science that can be understood across the disciplines. We have to drop some of our specialized jargon~~, ~~without ending up with new~~-~~age science. We need to fight the dyslexia~~ of the ~~computer freaks~~ and the ~~dyscalculia that permeates~~ the ~~humanities~~ and ~~our young generation~~. ~~We need to promote a new type~~ of ~~scientists~~ - ~~the~~ ''~~translexuals~~''.		In his climate research, Rypdal applied methods from complex systems and statistical physics to the analysis of temperature records and climate models. His work has examined long-memory (long-range dependent) behaviour and scale invariance in the climate system, using linear-response and stochastic models of the Earth's temperature to study climate sensitivity and the implications for future global warming. This work has been carried out within the Complex Systems Modelling group at UiT, which brings together researchers from mathematics, statistics, and physics.

			==Selected publications==

			* Rypdal, K.; Rypdal, M. (2008). "Scale-free vortex cascades emerging from random forcing in strongly coupled systems." ''New Journal of Physics''.
			* Fredriksen, H.-B.; Rypdal, K. (2016). "Spectral characteristics of instrumental and climate model surface temperatures." ''Journal of Climate'', 29(4), 1253–1268.

	==Media==		==Media==

	* 2004 - [http://www.universe-film.com/universe-ep2-trailer-medium.mov Universe - The Cosmology Quest] (Video Movie)		* 2004 - [http://www.universe-film.com/universe-ep2-trailer-medium.mov Universe - The Cosmology Quest] (Video Movie)

			==External links==

			* [https://site.uit.no/cosmo/ Complex Systems Modelling (CoSMo) research group, UiT]
			* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristoffer-Rypdal Kristoffer Rypdal on ResearchGate]

	[[Category:Scientist\|Rypdal Kristoffer]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Rypdal Kristoffer]]

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kristoffer Rypdal
| image = Kristoffer Rypdal 1689.jpg
| alt = Kristoffer Rypdal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|12|02|mf=y}}
| fields = [[Professor of Physics]]
| residence = Norway
}}

As a young boy I wanted to become an actor, subsidiary a writer of great novels - until the day my teacher in junior high school started to chase that ''x'' on the blackboard. I couldn't make sense of what he was doing, and I couldn't make myself follow meaningless mathematical recipes. I have never been very good at following recipes, not even in cooking - which I actually enjoy a lot. Because I couldn't make my left brain do what the right brain didn't grasp, my relationship to math grew into love-hate, which finally ended up on the love side after years of battle with the abstract concepts. In my student days every new semester presented new revelations of beauty and order in Nature and in the world of mathematics. The power of reductionist thought appeared unlimited. I wanted to study the smallest constituents of matter, subnuclear physics, ?The Theory of Everything?. Then I had two courses in statistical physics, and realized that a lot can be said about the behavior of matter without using much knowledge about the microscopic laws. After finishing my undergraduate studies in Oslo in 1973 I moved to the new arctic university in Troms?, and started studying plasma physics: the physics of many-body systems of charged particles - the state of matter believed to comprise more than 99% of the matter in the universe. The plasma state spans over enormous ranges of particle densities and temperatures, but in most cases it can be described by classical physics, Newton' s laws and Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. Yet I learnt that the fundamental laws in their raw form were of little help in describing the actual dynamics of plasmas.

The first thing I learnt was that the complexity of an enormous number of ordinary differential equations describing an enormous number if interacting particles had to be reduced by some coarse graining of the description. This process of simplification, involving construction of kinetic equations and finally fluid equations, inevitably involves neglect of some many-body correlations, and hence the simplified models should in some sense be ?less accurate?. On the other hand, the simplified equations - like the fluid equations with some friction terms included (a simplified pair correlations between particles) - have the remarkable property that it ''gives time a direction''. While the ?accurate? microscopic equations are ''time-reversible'', the ?inaccurate? simplified dissipative model is ''irreversible''. One of the deepest experiences we have as living beings is that time has a direction. We do not grow younger. So in a sense, the simplified model is more accurate, since it makes a better representations of the reality we observe.

During the 1980's the new paradigm of deterministic chaos started to influence the sciences. The realization that simple systems and simple models with few degrees of freedom can exhibit extremely complex behavior was a shock to many scientists (also physicists), and even today the profound implications of this fact is not fully appreciated in the entire physics community.

Another insight that also emerged in the 1980's was the omnipresence of ''scale-invariance ''in Nature, an insight that can be attributed mainly to Benoit Mandelbrot and beautifully described in his book ?The Fractal Geometry of Nature?. Per Bak and his collaborators demonstrated that such scale-invariance appears spontaneously in so called sandpile models. These are cellular automata with many degrees of freedom, but with extremely simple local interactions. This scale-invariance implies that the system organizes itself into a state where dynamical structures (often called ''avalanches'') appear at all available scales in space and time. Such ''critical phenomena'' were already known from phase-transitions in equilibrium statistical physics, like the distribution of ice-flakes on a pit at the moment of freezing. But in those cases the temperature must be adjusted to the freezing point. In the sandpile models the system organizes itself into the critical state and remains there, which is why Per Bak named the phenomenon ''self-organized criticality'' (SOC) and suggested that it could explain at least part of the ubiquity of scale-invariance in Nature.

The significance of the SOC-paradigm remains controversial, but the idea of modeling reality as ''complex systems'' consisting of a large number of interacting agents that exhibit emergent global behavior not imposed by an external controller, is now accepted as a fruitful approach in many scientific communities.

On the pages of this web-site you will find brief descriptions of how complex system science can be used as an approach to understanding a wide range of phenomena belonging to different disciplines of science. The selection of approaches and phenomena reflects the interests of the Complex Systems Group, but the plan is to expand the site as we learn more, and as more people join our informal group.

One of the main challenges is to develop a language of complex system science that can be understood across the disciplines. We have to drop some of our specialized jargon, without ending up with new-age science. We need to fight the dyslexia of the computer freaks and the dyscalculia that permeates the humanities and our young generation. We need to promote a new type of scientists - the ''translexuals''.

==Media==

* 2004 - [http://www.universe-film.com/universe-ep2-trailer-medium.mov Universe - The Cosmology Quest] (Video Movie)

[[Category:Scientist]]