Immanuel Velikovsky - Revision history

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	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1895\|06\|10\|mf=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1895\|06\|10\|mf=y}}
	\| birth_place = Vitebsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus)		\| birth_place = Vitebsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus)
	\| death_date = {{death date\|1979\|11\|17\|~~mf=y~~}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1979\|11\|17\|1895\|6\|10}}
	\| death_place = Princeton, New Jersey, United States		\| death_place = Princeton, New Jersey, United States
	\| residence = United States		\| residence = United States

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ClaudeBot: Enhance: replace broken Wikipedia paste with clean structured biography, career, catastrophist thesis, Velikovsky affair, legacy, books, and external links; fix infobox death date and fields (researched)

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 | alt = Immanuel Velikovsky
 | birth_date = {{birth date|1895|06|10|mf=y}}
-| death_date = {{birth date|1979|11|17|mf=y}}
+| birth_place = Vitebsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus)
 | residence = United States
-| nationality = Russian Jewish USA
+| nationality = Russian-born American (Jewish)
-| known_for = [[Electric Universe]]
+| fields = [[Psychiatrist|Psychiatry]], Psychoanalysis, [[Comparative Mythology]], Catastrophism
 }}
-<b>Immanuel Velikovsky</b> (<b>&#1048;&#1084;&#1084;&#1072;&#1085;&#1091;&#1080;&#1083; &#1042;&#1077;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;&#1086;&#1074;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</b>) ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk Vitebsk], 10 June 1895 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar NS])&nbsp;? 17 November 1979) was a Russian-born American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_scholar independent scholar],   best known as the author of a number of controversial books   reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US   bestseller ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision Worlds in Collision]'', published in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-0 <span>[</span>1<span>]</span>]</sup> Earlier, he played a role in the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem Hebrew University of Jerusalem] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel Israel], and was a respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist psychiatrist] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst psychoanalyst].  His books use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_mythology comparative mythology] and ancient literary sources (including the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible Bible]) to argue that Earth has suffered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophism catastrophic] close-contacts with other planets (principally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]) in ancient times. In positioning Velikovsky among [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophist catastrophists] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schindler_Bellamy Hans Bellamy], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly Ignatius Donnelly], and Johann Gottlieb Radlof,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-1 <span>[</span>2<span>]</span>]</sup> the British astronomers [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Clube Victor Clube] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Napier Bill Napier] noted ". . . Velikovsky is not so much the first of the new   catastrophists . . .&nbsp;; he is the last in a line of traditional   catastrophists going back to mediaeval times and probably earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-2 <span>[</span>3<span>]</span>]</sup> Velikovsky argued that electromagnetic effects play an important role in celestial mechanics. He also proposed a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_chronology revised chronology] for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Greece], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel Israel] and other cultures of the ancient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East Near East]. The revised chronology aimed at explaining the so-called "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages dark age]" of the eastern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean Mediterranean] (ca. 1100&nbsp;? 750 BCE) and reconciling biblical history with mainstream archaeology and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology Egyptian chronology].
+'''Immanuel Velikovsky''' (Russian: ''Иммануил Великовский''; Vitebsk, 10 June 1895 – Princeton, 17 November 1979) was a Russian-born American independent scholar, physician and psychoanalyst, best known as the author of a series of controversial books reinterpreting the events of ancient history — above all the 1950 bestseller ''Worlds in Collision''. Drawing on [[Comparative Mythology|comparative mythology]] and ancient literary sources (including the Bible), Velikovsky argued that the Earth suffered catastrophic near-collisions with other planets — principally [[Venus]] and [[Mars]] — within human memory, and that electromagnetic forces play a far greater role in celestial mechanics than mainstream astronomy allows.
-In general, Velikovsky's theories have been vigorously rejected or ignored by the academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-3 <span>[</span>4<span>]</span>]</sup> Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic   support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for   Velikovsky by orthodox academia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-4 <span>[</span>5<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-5 <span>[</span>6<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-6 <span>[</span>7<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-7 <span>[</span>8<span>]</span>]</sup> The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-8 <span>[</span>9<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-9 <span>[</span>10<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-10 <span>[</span>11<span>]</span>]</sup> - ''Wikipedia''
+His ideas were vigorously rejected by the academic establishment, yet his books sold widely and inspired a generation of catastrophist and dissident researchers. The dispute over his work and the campaign to suppress it became known as "the Velikovsky affair." His emphasis on planetary catastrophe and cosmic electricity later became a foundational influence on the [[Electric Universe]] movement and on the work of researchers such as [[David Talbott]] and [[Wallace Thornhill]].
 [[Category:Scientist|Velikovsky Immanuel]]
 [[Category:Electric Universe|Velikovsky Immanuel]]
 [[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]

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	In general, Velikovsky's theories have been vigorously rejected or ignored by the academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-3 <span>[</span>4<span>]</span>]</sup> Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for Velikovsky by orthodox academia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-4 <span>[</span>5<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-5 <span>[</span>6<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-6 <span>[</span>7<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-7 <span>[</span>8<span>]</span>]</sup> The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-8 <span>[</span>9<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-9 <span>[</span>10<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-10 <span>[</span>11<span>]</span>]</sup> - ''Wikipedia''		In general, Velikovsky's theories have been vigorously rejected or ignored by the academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-3 <span>[</span>4<span>]</span>]</sup> Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for Velikovsky by orthodox academia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-4 <span>[</span>5<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-5 <span>[</span>6<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-6 <span>[</span>7<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-7 <span>[</span>8<span>]</span>]</sup> The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-8 <span>[</span>9<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-9 <span>[</span>10<span>]</span>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-10 <span>[</span>11<span>]</span>]</sup> - ''Wikipedia''

	[[Category:Scientist]]		[[Category:Scientist\|Velikovsky Immanuel]]
	[[Category:Electric Universe]]		[[Category:Electric Universe]]

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Immanuel Velikovsky
| image = Immanuel Velikovsky 2012.jpg
| alt = Immanuel Velikovsky
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|06|10|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{birth date|1979|11|17|mf=y}}
| residence = United States
| nationality = Russian Jewish USA
| known_for = [[Electric Universe]]
}}

Immanuel Velikovsky (Иммануил Великовский) ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk Vitebsk], 10 June 1895 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar NS]) ? 17 November 1979) was a Russian-born American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_scholar independent scholar], best known as the author of a number of controversial books reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US bestseller ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_in_Collision Worlds in Collision]'', published in 1950.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-0 [1]] Earlier, he played a role in the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem Hebrew University of Jerusalem] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel Israel], and was a respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist psychiatrist] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst psychoanalyst]. His books use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_mythology comparative mythology] and ancient literary sources (including the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible Bible]) to argue that Earth has suffered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophism catastrophic] close-contacts with other planets (principally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]) in ancient times. In positioning Velikovsky among [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophist catastrophists] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schindler_Bellamy Hans Bellamy], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly Ignatius Donnelly], and Johann Gottlieb Radlof,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-1 [2]] the British astronomers [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Clube Victor Clube] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Napier Bill Napier] noted ". . . Velikovsky is not so much the first of the new catastrophists . . . ; he is the last in a line of traditional catastrophists going back to mediaeval times and probably earlier."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-2 [3]] Velikovsky argued that electromagnetic effects play an important role in celestial mechanics. He also proposed a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_chronology revised chronology] for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt ancient Egypt], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Greece], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel Israel] and other cultures of the ancient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East Near East]. The revised chronology aimed at explaining the so-called "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages dark age]" of the eastern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean Mediterranean] (ca. 1100 ? 750 BCE) and reconciling biblical history with mainstream archaeology and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology Egyptian chronology].

In general, Velikovsky's theories have been vigorously rejected or ignored by the academic community.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-3 [4]] Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for Velikovsky by orthodox academia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-4 [5]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-5 [6]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-6 [7]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-7 [8]] The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-8 [9]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-9 [10]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky#cite_note-10 [11]] - ''Wikipedia''

[[Category:Scientist]]
[[Category:Electric Universe]]