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'''Free energy''' names two quite different things, and the ambiguity is worth clearing up first. In [[Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]] it is a precise technical quantity — the Helmholtz free energy ''F'' = ''U'' − ''TS'' and the Gibbs free energy ''G'' = ''H'' − ''TS'' — measuring the portion of a system's energy that is available to do useful work at a given temperature. In the research community catalogued on this wiki the phrase almost always means something else: a device claimed to deliver more usable output than its identifiable input, drawing the difference from the [[Aether|aether]], the vacuum, or some ambient environmental flux.

==The standard account==

Conventional physics does not deny that there is energy in the vacuum. [[Zero Point Energy|Zero-point energy]] is a straightforward consequence of quantum field theory, and its physical reality is evidenced by the Casimir force and the Lamb shift. What conventional physics denies is that it constitutes a usable ''reservoir'': the vacuum is the ground state, and by definition no work can be extracted from a system already in its lowest energy state by a cyclic process.

The two barriers usually invoked are the first law of thermodynamics (energy conservation, so no closed cycle can produce net energy) and the second law (no cyclic engine can convert ambient heat wholly into work at a single temperature). Neither has a known experimental exception. Patent offices in several countries refuse perpetual-motion applications on principle, and no over-unity device has ever passed independent, instrumented, closed-loop testing — meaning a device kept running on its own output, with all inputs measured.

That last point deserves emphasis rather than softening, and one of this wiki's own researchers makes it: '''[[Patrick G Bailey]]''' wrote ''[[Dangers In Measuring The Power Of AC Devices With Meters]]'' precisely because measuring power in pulsed, reactive and non-sinusoidal circuits is where most over-unity claims go wrong.

==On this wiki==

The [[:Category:New Energy]] holdings here are large, and are best read as a documentary record of a research subculture — its devices, its inventors, its conferences and its journals — rather than as a body of confirmed results.

'''[[Thomas F Valone]]''' is the most systematic figure: ''[[Understanding Zero Point Energy]]'', ''[[Permanent Magnet Motors]]'', ''[[Free Energy and Propulsion]]'' and the ''[[Future Energy: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Future Energy|Future Energy]]'' proceedings. '''[[Patrick G Bailey]]''' edited ''[[New Energy News (January 2001)|New Energy News]]'' for the Institute for New Energy, and '''[[Alexander V Frolov]]''' the journal ''[[New Energy Technologies]]''; '''[[Steven R Elswick]]''' ran the Tesla symposia whose proceedings are catalogued here.

The device literature clusters around a handful of claims:

* '''Homopolar and N-machines''' — '''[[Bruce E DePalma]]''', whose rotating-magnet work is documented in ''[[DePalma, Free Energy & The N-Machine]]'' and ''[[Bruce DePalma History]]''.
* '''Permanent-magnet and Adams-type motors''' — '''[[Harold Aspden]]''', who tied his motor work to an aether theory of inertia (''[[The Adams & Aspden Motor Patent]]''), and Valone's ''[[Permanent Magnet Motors]]''. See also [[Magnetic Motor]].
* '''Cold electricity and Tesla-derived circuits''' — '''[[Peter A Lindemann]]''', ''[[The Free Energy Secrets of Cold Electricity]]'' and ''[[A History of Free Energy Discoveries]]''; '''[[Konstantin Meyl]]''' on scalar and longitudinal waves; the [[Nikola Tesla|Tesla]] literature generally.
* '''Aether and vacuum extraction''' — '''[[Dan A Davidson]]''', ''[[Free Energy, Gravity and the Aether]]''; '''[[Paulo N Correa]]''' and '''[[Alexandra N Correa]]''', whose ''Experimental Aetherometry'' volumes report a "massfree" energy they claim to have motorised; '''[[Richard A Ford]]''', ''[[Space Energy Receivers: Power from the Wheelwork of Nature]]''.
* '''Plasma and ball-lightning devices''' — '''[[Kiril B Chukanov]]'''; and '''[[Paul A LaViolette]]''', who connects the field to subquantum kinetics.
* '''Rotating-field and levitation devices''' — '''[[John R R Searl]]'''.

'''[[Jeane L Manning]]''' is the field's chronicler rather than an inventor: ''[[The Coming Energy Revolution: The Search for Free Energy]]'', ''[[Breakthrough Power: How Quantum-leap New Energy Inventions Can Transform Our World]]'' and ''[[Gunfire in the Laboratory: T. Henry Moray and the Free Energy Machine]]'', on the Utah inventor T. Henry Moray. '''[[Stefan Marinov]]''', '''[[Toby Grotz]]''' and '''[[Alfred Evert]]''' contribute further device and theory papers.

The intellectually serious core of the subject, and the part that connects to the rest of this wiki, is the '''aether question'''. If space is a medium with structure and energy density — the position argued across [[:Category:Aether]] — then whether that medium can exchange energy with matter is a physical question rather than a definitional one. That is a different and better argument than a claim to have broken conservation of energy, and it is the argument these researchers are generally making. Related work in [[:Category:Cold Fusion]] concerns anomalous energy from a nuclear rather than a field mechanism.

==See also==

* [[Zero Point Energy]]
* [[Energy]]
* [[Aether]]
* [[Cold Fusion]]
* [[Nikola Tesla]]
* [[Magnetic Motor]]

[[Category:New Energy]]
[[Category:Aether]]
[[Category:Cold Fusion]]

Free Energy - Revision history

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