Electromagnetism in Ether - Revision history

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	===Global characteristics of the ether===		===Global characteristics of the ether===

	Cannata opens by clearing away what he considers the failed nineteenth-century ether. His ether is (a) not absolute — no observation of its stationarity anywhere in the universe has ever been made; (b) not subject to partial or total drag, because it is an integral part of a star or a particle and extends outward with decreasing density to a limit surface beyond which it belongs to another body. On this picture the Earth carries its own ether as an "ether-terraqueous system" shaped less like a spheroid than like a huge drop, compressed on the sunward side by the solar wind and drawn out on the other into the long geomagnetic tail. He reads the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]] as ''confirming'' the relative rest of the ether in the Earth's proximity — no significant fringe shift is expected, because there is no relative motion to detect. Bradley's [[stellar aberration]], usually cited as evidence for an ether at absolute rest, is reconciled by noting that starlight spends years crossing space and only a few terrestrial diameters inside the Earth's own ether shell, so the aberration angle tan ''α'' = ''u''/''c'' survives unchanged.		Cannata opens by clearing away what he considers the failed nineteenth-century ether. His ether is (a) not absolute — no observation of its stationarity anywhere in the universe has ever been made; (b) not subject to partial or total drag, because it is an integral part of a star or a particle and extends outward with decreasing density to a limit surface beyond which it belongs to another body. On this picture the Earth carries its own ether as an "ether-terraqueous system" shaped less like a spheroid than like a huge drop, compressed on the sunward side by the solar wind and drawn out on the other into the long geomagnetic tail. He reads the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]] as ''confirming'' the relative rest of the ether in the Earth's proximity — no significant fringe shift is expected, because there is no relative motion to detect. Bradley's [[Stellar Aberration\|stellar aberration]], usually cited as evidence for an ether at absolute rest, is reconciled by noting that starlight spends years crossing space and only a few terrestrial diameters inside the Earth's own ether shell, so the aberration angle tan ''α'' = ''u''/''c'' survives unchanged.

	The ether is further said to be (c) not continuous but granular, composed of "extremely small particles (''ether monads'')" — the paper suggests neutrinos or gravitons as candidates — since quantization of mass and energy is a universal feature and wave propagation requires only contiguity of the medium's particles, not continuity; and (d) not the "paradoxically gelatinous" solid that Victorian physicists had to invoke to carry transverse waves, since the intrinsic rotationality of both fields makes the elastic-solid paradox unnecessary. Finally (e) the same medium is held to transmit every kind of perturbation — electromagnetic, nuclear, gravitational, and even pressure and temperature.		The ether is further said to be (c) not continuous but granular, composed of "extremely small particles (''ether monads'')" — the paper suggests neutrinos or gravitons as candidates — since quantization of mass and energy is a universal feature and wave propagation requires only contiguity of the medium's particles, not continuity; and (d) not the "paradoxically gelatinous" solid that Victorian physicists had to invoke to carry transverse waves, since the intrinsic rotationality of both fields makes the elastic-solid paradox unnecessary. Finally (e) the same medium is held to transmit every kind of perturbation — electromagnetic, nuclear, gravitational, and even pressure and temperature.
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	where ''ρ'' is the mean density of the medium at rest and ''k'' its compression modulus. Matching the two forms lets ''ε''<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>-12</sup> be read as a mean ether density in kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 1/''μ''<sub>0</sub> = 7.96 × 10<sup>5</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup> as an elastic modulus — a value Cannata notes is comparable in order of magnitude to the compression modulus of air, ''k'' = (''c''<sub>p</sub>/''c''<sub>v</sub>)''p''<sub>0</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>5</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup>. The same conclusion is reached from Coulomb's law ''F'' = ''qq' ''/4''πε''<sub>0</sub>''r''<sup>2</sup>: the left side has dimensions containing mass, so mass must be present on the right; since charges without mass have never been observed, a mass factor should sit in each charge and hence a mass factor in ''ε''<sub>0</sub>.		where ''ρ'' is the mean density of the medium at rest and ''k'' its compression modulus. Matching the two forms lets ''ε''<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>-12</sup> be read as a mean ether density in kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 1/''μ''<sub>0</sub> = 7.96 × 10<sup>5</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup> as an elastic modulus — a value Cannata notes is comparable in order of magnitude to the compression modulus of air, ''k'' = (''c''<sub>p</sub>/''c''<sub>v</sub>)''p''<sub>0</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>5</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup>. The same conclusion is reached from Coulomb's law ''F'' = ''qq' ''/4''πε''<sub>0</sub>''r''<sup>2</sup>: the left side has dimensions containing mass, so mass must be present on the right; since charges without mass have never been observed, a mass factor should sit in each charge and hence a mass factor in ''ε''<sub>0</sub>.

	A first remark draws the cosmological consequences. An ether density of order ''ε''<sub>0</sub> — or smaller in interplanetary and interstellar space — would, Cannata suggests, supply the [[dark matter]] or "missing mass" astrophysicists seek, and would explain the gravitational cohesion of galaxies. The [[redshift]] of stellar spectral lines would then not be a Doppler recession effect proportional to distance but "the attenuation of the energy as the light travels through space," growing with distance for that reason — a [[tired light]] reading on which "the hypotheses of big-bang, black holes, etc. would not stand any more."		A first remark draws the cosmological consequences. An ether density of order ''ε''<sub>0</sub> — or smaller in interplanetary and interstellar space — would, Cannata suggests, supply the [[Dark Matter\|dark matter]] or "missing mass" astrophysicists seek, and would explain the gravitational cohesion of galaxies. The [[redshift]] of stellar spectral lines would then not be a Doppler recession effect proportional to distance but "the attenuation of the energy as the light travels through space," growing with distance for that reason — a [[Tired Light\|tired light]] reading on which "the hypotheses of big-bang, black holes, etc. would not stand any more."

	===Charge as mass flow; the new dipole===		===Charge as mass flow; the new dipole===

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	[[Category:Aether\|electromagnetism ether]]		[[Category:Aether\|electromagnetism ether]]

			[[Category:Electromagnetism]]

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	\| keywords = [[Ether]], [[Dipole]], [[Electromagnetism]], [[Inertia]]		\| keywords = [[Ether]], [[Dipole]], [[Electromagnetism]], [[Inertia]]
	\| published = 1999		\| published = 1999
	~~\| journal = [[None]]~~
	\| num_pages = 18		\| num_pages = 18
	}}		}}

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	[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetism ether]]		[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetism ether]]

	[[Category:Aether]]		[[Category:Aether\|electromagnetism ether]]

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	==Abstract==		==Abstract==

	To attribute an inertia to free space is not an option. It is soundly consistent with the fundamental laws of physics. The mechanical interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena would supply a concrete way of simplicity and unification. Consequently, the revised quantum theory could become without any contrast a modern chapter of a renewed classical physics. Here it is proposed a new elementary charge model, which would simplify the interpretation of many phenomena, including the controlled nuclear fusion.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]		To attribute an inertia to free space is not an option. It is soundly consistent with the fundamental laws of physics. The mechanical interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena would supply a concrete way of simplicity and unification. Consequently, the revised quantum theory could become without any contrast a modern chapter of a renewed classical physics. Here it is proposed a new elementary charge model, which would simplify the interpretation of many phenomena, including the controlled nuclear fusion.

			[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetism ether]]

	[[Category:Aether]]		[[Category:Aether]]

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{{Infobox paper
| title = Electromagnetism in Ether
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1051.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[Giuseppe Cannata]]
| keywords = [[Ether]], [[Dipole]], [[Electromagnetism]], [[Inertia]]
| published = 1999
| journal = [[None]]
| num_pages = 18
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1051.pdf here]

==Abstract==

To attribute an inertia to free space is not an option. It is soundly consistent with the fundamental laws of physics. The mechanical interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena would supply a concrete way of simplicity and unification. Consequently, the revised quantum theory could become without any contrast a modern chapter of a renewed classical physics. Here it is proposed a new elementary charge model, which would simplify the interpretation of many phenomena, including the controlled nuclear fusion.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]

[[Category:Aether]]