Electromagnetic Waves, Inertial Transformations and Compton Effect - Revision history

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	\| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1857.pdf Link to paper]		\| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1857.pdf Link to paper]
	\| author = [[Biagio Buonaura]]		\| author = [[Biagio Buonaura]]
	\| keywords = [[Electromagnetic Waves]], [[Inertial Transformations]], [[Compton ~~Effect]]~~		\| keywords = [[Electromagnetic Waves]], [[Inertial Transformations]], '''Compton effect'''
	\| published = 2007		\| published = 2007
	\| journal = [[Apeiron]]		\| journal = [[Apeiron]]
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	Buonaura's paper belongs to the research programme founded by [[Franco Selleri]], which holds that the [[Lorentz Transformation]]s owe part of their content not to nature but to a ''convention'' — Einstein's rule for synchronizing distant clocks. Following Mansouri and Sexl, Selleri showed that a whole one-parameter family of space and time transformations, differing only in the coefficient ''e''<sub>1</sub> of ''x'' in the time transformation, reproduces every experimental result of [[Special Relativity]]. Setting ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0 gives the '''inertial transformations''' (IT), in which clocks are synchronized absolutely: two events simultaneous in the privileged frame ''S''<sub>0</sub> are simultaneous in every frame, and the one-way [[speed of light]] is isotropic only in ''S''<sub>0</sub>. What survives of Einstein's postulate is the invariance of the ''two-way'' speed, and what survives of the relativity principle is only a weak form (the "Weak Relativity Principle"): absolute motion cannot be detected experimentally.		Buonaura's paper belongs to the research programme founded by [[Franco Selleri]], which holds that the [[Lorentz Transformation]]s owe part of their content not to nature but to a ''convention'' — Einstein's rule for synchronizing distant clocks. Following Mansouri and Sexl, Selleri showed that a whole one-parameter family of space and time transformations, differing only in the coefficient ''e''<sub>1</sub> of ''x'' in the time transformation, reproduces every experimental result of [[Special Relativity]]. Setting ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0 gives the '''inertial transformations''' (IT), in which clocks are synchronized absolutely: two events simultaneous in the privileged frame ''S''<sub>0</sub> are simultaneous in every frame, and the one-way [[Speed of Light\|speed of light]] is isotropic only in ''S''<sub>0</sub>. What survives of Einstein's postulate is the invariance of the ''two-way'' speed, and what survives of the relativity principle is only a weak form (the "Weak Relativity Principle"): absolute motion cannot be detected experimentally.

	Until this paper, Buonaura notes, the published applications of the IT "mainly had a kinematical nature". His purpose is to push them into dynamics, choosing the case usually taken to be the most relativistic and most quantum-mechanical at once: the [[Compton Effect\|Compton scattering]] of an energetic [[photon]] by a free [[electron]]. He treats the photon in both of its aspects — as a wave, by deriving the electromagnetic wave equation in the moving frame from [[Maxwell's Equations]] in the IT form, and as a corpuscle, by transforming energy and momentum — and concludes that the IT reproduce Compton's 1923 formula exactly. The result is offered not as a new prediction but as a demonstration of ''complete empirical equivalence'': relativity's successes here are shown to be successes of the two-way light postulate, not of Einstein synchronization.		Until this paper, Buonaura notes, the published applications of the IT "mainly had a kinematical nature". His purpose is to push them into dynamics, choosing the case usually taken to be the most relativistic and most quantum-mechanical at once: the [[Compton Effect\|Compton scattering]] of an energetic [[photon]] by a free [[electron]]. He treats the photon in both of its aspects — as a wave, by deriving the electromagnetic wave equation in the moving frame from [[Maxwell's Equations]] in the IT form, and as a corpuscle, by transforming energy and momentum — and concludes that the IT reproduce Compton's 1923 formula exactly. The result is offered not as a new prediction but as a demonstration of ''complete empirical equivalence'': relativity's successes here are shown to be successes of the two-way light postulate, not of Einstein synchronization.
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	The treatment of the Compton experiment is the most instructive part, because it is where a competent objection would naturally arise. A direction-dependent light speed threatens to shift the diffraction condition in the calcite crystal, and Buonaura confronts this directly rather than assuming λν = ''c''. His demonstration that the Γ-terms cancel because the two path integrals of d'''l''' share the same endpoints is clean, and it explains ''why'' the synchronization convention is invisible here rather than merely asserting that it is. Anyone tempted to look for a Selleri-type anisotropy in Bragg-diffraction data should read section 8 first.		The treatment of the Compton experiment is the most instructive part, because it is where a competent objection would naturally arise. A direction-dependent light speed threatens to shift the diffraction condition in the calcite crystal, and Buonaura confronts this directly rather than assuming λν = ''c''. His demonstration that the Γ-terms cancel because the two path integrals of d'''l''' share the same endpoints is clean, and it explains ''why'' the synchronization convention is invisible here rather than merely asserting that it is. Anyone tempted to look for a Selleri-type anisotropy in Bragg-diffraction data should read section 8 first.

	The difficulties are those of the programme rather than of the execution. The first is that the paper's positive content is, by construction, empirically empty: a result that is "completely empirically equivalent" to special relativity adds no testable consequence. What is gained is interpretive — absolute simultaneity, a privileged frame, and a physically real [[length contraction]] — and whether that is a gain depends on prior commitments the paper does not argue for. Second, the one step where Buonaura ''does'' break equivalence is the weakest link. He rejects the Rizzi–Ruggiero–Serafini corollary that no experiment can distinguish values of ''e''<sub>1</sub>, asserting that "physical continuity" with weakly accelerated reference frames selects ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0, but the assertion is referred to Selleri's earlier work and not defended here; no derivation, and no proposed measurement, appears in this paper. Since ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0 is what makes the whole construction distinctive, that gap sits at the foundation. Third, the identity of the privileged frame is never fixed. It is not tied to the [[Cosmic Microwave Background\|cosmic microwave background]] rest frame or to any other physical reference, so β is a free parameter that never has to take a value — which is convenient, but also means no number in the paper is ever confronted with a measurement. The [[Michelson-Morley Experiment\|Michelson–Morley]]-type null results are accommodated by construction rather than explained.		The difficulties are those of the programme rather than of the execution. The first is that the paper's positive content is, by construction, empirically empty: a result that is "completely empirically equivalent" to special relativity adds no testable consequence. What is gained is interpretive — absolute simultaneity, a privileged frame, and a physically real [[Length Contraction\|length contraction]] — and whether that is a gain depends on prior commitments the paper does not argue for. Second, the one step where Buonaura ''does'' break equivalence is the weakest link. He rejects the Rizzi–Ruggiero–Serafini corollary that no experiment can distinguish values of ''e''<sub>1</sub>, asserting that "physical continuity" with weakly accelerated reference frames selects ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0, but the assertion is referred to Selleri's earlier work and not defended here; no derivation, and no proposed measurement, appears in this paper. Since ''e''<sub>1</sub> = 0 is what makes the whole construction distinctive, that gap sits at the foundation. Third, the identity of the privileged frame is never fixed. It is not tied to the [[Cosmic Microwave Background\|cosmic microwave background]] rest frame or to any other physical reference, so β is a free parameter that never has to take a value — which is convenient, but also means no number in the paper is ever confronted with a measurement. The [[Michelson-Morley Experiment\|Michelson–Morley]]-type null results are accommodated by construction rather than explained.

	Finally, the derivation is entirely first-order in the sense that it treats the electron and photon as free particles in flat space and stops at the two-body kinematics. That is fair for Compton scattering, but it is worth noting that the harder tests of the relativistic framework — the (1+''z'') time dilation of Type Ia supernova light curves, or the precision of [[Quantum Electrodynamics\|QED]] radiative corrections to Compton scattering — lie outside what an equivalence proof at this level can address. Within the boundaries Buonaura sets himself, however, the paper does what it says it does.		Finally, the derivation is entirely first-order in the sense that it treats the electron and photon as free particles in flat space and stops at the two-body kinematics. That is fair for Compton scattering, but it is worth noting that the harder tests of the relativistic framework — the (1+''z'') time dilation of Type Ia supernova light curves, or the precision of [[Quantum Electrodynamics\|QED]] radiative corrections to Compton scattering — lie outside what an equivalence proof at this level can address. Within the boundaries Buonaura sets himself, however, the paper does what it says it does.

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	\| published = 2007		\| published = 2007
	\| journal = [[Apeiron]]		\| journal = [[Apeiron]]
	\| volume = [[14]]		\| volume = 14
	\| number = [[3]]		\| number = 3
	\| num_pages = 30		\| num_pages = 30
	\| pages = 184-213		\| pages = 184-213

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	[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetic waves inertial transformations compton effect]]		[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetic waves inertial transformations compton effect]]

	[[Category:Relativity]]		[[Category:Relativity\|electromagnetic waves inertial transformations compton effect]]

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	==Abstract==		==Abstract==

	The Inertial Transformations (IT) are a new set of transformations of the space and time variables providing an alterative (but empirically equivalent) approach to the Theory of Special Relativity (TSR). With the IT, the one way velocity of light is isotropic only in a privileged reference frame, S0. In this new theory only a weak form of relativity principle holds. We apply the IT to the collision of an energetic photon with an electron (Compton effect). A theoretical description of the dual quantum mechanical photon having both wave and particle properties is required. From the undulatory point of view we use the IT to deduce the e.m. wave equations in an inertial reference frame S moving with respect to S<sub>0</sub> with (absolute) velocity V. Using the Maxwell equations in the form suitable to S, we show that the e.m. plane waves in S have the same properties as in S<sub>0</sub>: the fields are perpendicular to one another and perpendicular to the propagation direction of the field energy. The latter direction, however, does not coincide, in S, with the propagation direction of the e.m. plane wave. From the corpuscular point of view, we show that in the framework of the IT the usual equations relating the photon energy and momentum to frequency also hold. The result of this research on the Compton effect is a complete empirical equivalence between the TSR and the IT approach.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]		The Inertial Transformations (IT) are a new set of transformations of the space and time variables providing an alterative (but empirically equivalent) approach to the Theory of Special Relativity (TSR). With the IT, the one way velocity of light is isotropic only in a privileged reference frame, S0. In this new theory only a weak form of relativity principle holds. We apply the IT to the collision of an energetic photon with an electron (Compton effect). A theoretical description of the dual quantum mechanical photon having both wave and particle properties is required. From the undulatory point of view we use the IT to deduce the e.m. wave equations in an inertial reference frame S moving with respect to S<sub>0</sub> with (absolute) velocity V. Using the Maxwell equations in the form suitable to S, we show that the e.m. plane waves in S have the same properties as in S<sub>0</sub>: the fields are perpendicular to one another and perpendicular to the propagation direction of the field energy. The latter direction, however, does not coincide, in S, with the propagation direction of the e.m. plane wave. From the corpuscular point of view, we show that in the framework of the IT the usual equations relating the photon energy and momentum to frequency also hold. The result of this research on the Compton effect is a complete empirical equivalence between the TSR and the IT approach.

			[[Category:Scientific Paper\|electromagnetic waves inertial transformations compton effect]]

	[[Category:Relativity]]		[[Category:Relativity]]

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{{Infobox paper
| title = Electromagnetic Waves, Inertial Transformations and Compton Effect
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1857.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[Biagio Buonaura]]
| keywords = [[Electromagnetic Waves]], [[Inertial Transformations]], [[Compton Effect]]
| published = 2007
| journal = [[Apeiron]]
| volume = [[14]]
| number = [[3]]
| num_pages = 30
| pages = 184-213
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1857.pdf here]

==Abstract==

The Inertial Transformations (IT) are a new set of transformations of the space and time variables providing an alterative (but empirically equivalent) approach to the Theory of Special Relativity (TSR). With the IT, the one way velocity of light is isotropic only in a privileged reference frame, S0. In this new theory only a weak form of relativity principle holds. We apply the IT to the collision of an energetic photon with an electron (Compton effect). A theoretical description of the dual quantum mechanical photon having both wave and particle properties is required. From the undulatory point of view we use the IT to deduce the e.m. wave equations in an inertial reference frame S moving with respect to S<sub>0</sub> with (absolute) velocity V. Using the Maxwell equations in the form suitable to S, we show that the e.m. plane waves in S have the same properties as in S<sub>0</sub>: the fields are perpendicular to one another and perpendicular to the propagation direction of the field energy. The latter direction, however, does not coincide, in S, with the propagation direction of the e.m. plane wave. From the corpuscular point of view, we show that in the framework of the IT the usual equations relating the photon energy and momentum to frequency also hold. The result of this research on the Compton effect is a complete empirical equivalence between the TSR and the IT approach.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]

[[Category:Relativity]]