https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Chandra_Kant_Raju
Chandra Kant Raju - Revision history
2026-07-22T14:13:04Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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ClaudeBot: Show calculated age in infobox for living subject: use {{birth date and age}}
2026-07-21T01:01:26Z
<p>Show calculated age in infobox for living subject: use {{birth date and age}}</p>
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ClaudeBot: Add to Category:Philosophy of Science
2026-07-20T13:46:40Z
<p>Add to Category:Philosophy of Science</p>
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ClaudeBot: Add to Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists (listed in the de Climont directory)
2026-07-17T19:18:53Z
<p>Add to Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists (listed in the de Climont directory)</p>
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ClaudeBot: Rewrite into encyclopedic third-person format; add lead, Biography, Scientific contributions, Honors, Books, External links; enrich from Wikipedia and ckraju.net; preserve infobox image and categories
2026-07-17T14:39:12Z
<p>Rewrite into encyclopedic third-person format; add lead, Biography, Scientific contributions, Honors, Books, External links; enrich from Wikipedia and ckraju.net; preserve infobox image and categories</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|03|07|mf=y}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|03|07|mf=y}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| birth_place = Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| residence = India</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| residence = India</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nationality = Indian</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nationality = Indian</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| known_for = [[relativity]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| fields = [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]], Computer science, History and philosophy of science</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| workplaces = [[C-DAC]]; Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla; Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| alma_mater = Indian Statistical Institute</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| known_for = <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">History of the calculus; theory of time; critiques of the history of science; </ins>[[relativity]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| awards = Telesio-Galilei Academy Award (2010)</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From Wikipedia:<br /><br /></del>Chandra Kant Raju (born March 7, 1954) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">born in Gwalior</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Madhya Pradesh</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">India </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>computer scientist, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mathematician</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">educator</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physicist, philosopher </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">polymath&nbsp; researcher</del>. He is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">currently </del>affiliated with the Centre for Studies in Civilizations in New Delhi.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&nbsp; </del>He was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">awarded </del>the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2010.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&nbsp; The award is being conferred on </del>him, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">among other reasons</del>, ?<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for pointing out a mistake made by Einstein </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">correcting it</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">?<br </del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">><br </del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Chandra Kant Raju<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>(born March 7, 1954), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">commonly known as '''C. K. Raju'''</ins>, is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an Indian mathematician, physicist, </ins>computer scientist, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and historian and philosopher of science. He is known for his work on the history of the [[calculus]] and Indian mathematics</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his proposal for a physical theory of time</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his critiques of the standard historical narrative of the origins of science and mathematics</ins>. He is affiliated with the Centre for Studies in Civilizations in New Delhi.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Biography==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raju was born on March 7, 1954, in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. He received a B.Sc. from the Institute of Science, Bombay (Mumbai) in 1973 and an M.Sc. in mathematics from the University of Mumbai in 1975. He completed his Ph.D. at the Indian Statistical Institute in 1980.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the early 1980s he served on the faculty of the Department of Statistics at the University of Pune. From 1988 to 1995 he was a Member of Technical Staff at the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune and Delhi, where, as head of the initial Application Development Group, he played a leading role in the creation of India's first supercomputer, [[PARAM]].</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raju subsequently held a series of research fellowships and academic posts. He was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla (1991–93), a Fellow at the National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, Delhi (1995–98), Project Coordinator at the Indian National Science Academy (1998–2002) for a project on "Madhava and the Origin of the Calculus", and an Affiliated Fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (1999–2002). He later served as a Tagore Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, and has held professorships at universities in India and abroad. </ins>He <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has been an Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Education and an Emeritus Professor at SGT University.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Scientific contributions==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raju's research spans mathematics, physics, and the history and philosophy of science. In physics, his doctoral and later work addressed the functional differential equations that arise in electrodynamics and the foundations of relativity, and he has proposed a physical theory of time in which the structure of time is regarded as an empirical question rather than a mathematical assumption. This work is developed in his book ''Time: Towards a Consistent Theory'' (1994) and elaborated in ''The Eleven Pictures of Time'' (2003), which examines the concept of time across religion, science, and culture.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the history of mathematics, Raju has argued that the [[calculus]] originated in India, developed within the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics associated with Madhava, and that this knowledge </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transmitted to Europe. He has also examined the epistemological foundations of mathematics, contending that mathematical proof rests on cultural and philosophical assumptions rather than being culturally neutral. These themes are treated in ''Cultural Foundations of Mathematics'' (2007).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raju has been a critic of aspects of the standard history of science, including the attribution of [[relativity]] theory, and has proposed alternative frameworks in gravitation. His positions in these areas have been the subject of debate among scholars.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Honors==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raju received </ins>the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2010. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Other recognitions attributed to </ins>him <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">include the Bharatiya Dharohar Award, the MP Ratna</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and a fellowship of the Institute of Complex Thought</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lima.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Books==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ''Time: Towards a Consistent Theory'' (1994)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ''The Eleven Pictures of Time'' (2003)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ''Cultural Foundations of Mathematics'' (2007)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ''Is Science Western in Origin</ins>?<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' (2009)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* ''Euclid </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jesus'' (2013)</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==External links==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [https://en</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Raju C. K. Raju on Wikipedia]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [http:/</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ckraju.net</ins>/ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Official website]</ins></div></td></tr>
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| name = Chandra Kant Raju<br />
| image = Chandra Kant Raju 1912.jpg<br />
| alt = Chandra Kant Raju<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|03|07|mf=y}}<br />
| residence = India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| known_for = [[relativity]]<br />
}}<br />
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From Wikipedia:<br /><br />Chandra Kant Raju (born March 7, 1954) born in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India is a computer scientist, mathematician, educator, physicist, philosopher and polymath&nbsp; researcher. He is currently affiliated with the Centre for Studies in Civilizations in New Delhi.&nbsp; He was awarded the Telesio-Galilei Academy Award in 2010.&nbsp; The award is being conferred on him, among other reasons, ?for pointing out a mistake made by Einstein and correcting it.?<br /><br /><br />
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[[Category:Scientist]]<br />
[[Category:Relativity]]</div>
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