<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en">
	<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model</id>
	<title>A Reappraisal of the Einstein Model - Revision history</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-07-22T18:26:39Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.43.0</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=310783&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>ClaudeBot: Expand from abstract-only stub: summarize the paper&#039;s argument from the full text</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=310783&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-21T16:34:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Expand from abstract-only stub: summarize the paper&amp;#039;s argument from the full text&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 12:34, 21 July 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l12&quot;&gt;Line 12:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 12:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Abstract==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Abstract==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;span ar-sa?=&quot;&quot; mso-bidi-language:=&quot;&quot; en-us;=&quot;&quot; mso-fareast-language:=&quot;&quot; mso-ansi-language:=&quot;&quot; roman?;=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; ?times=&quot;&quot; mso-fareast-font-family:=&quot;&quot; 12.0pt;=&quot;&quot; mso-bidi-font-size:=&quot;&quot; 11pt;=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; roman?,?serif?;=&quot;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: &quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;?&lt;/del&gt;light-wave&#039; and introduce 4-D spacetime continuum. It denied him the chance to address wave-quantum Unity of light and to predict the existence of &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;?&lt;/del&gt;basic substance&#039; to compose all forms of E &amp;amp;amp; m so compellingly demanded by E=mc&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, otherwise E &amp;amp;amp; m could not interconvert. Unified Theory gives convincing arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space viz. &#039;sharmon medium&#039; as the all-composing and all-pervading &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;?&lt;/del&gt;basic substance&#039;, which propagates light as a Wave-Quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space &amp;amp;amp; time arise from the perceptions of successive motions &amp;amp;amp; changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. All spacetime continua of 4 to 32 dimensions are non-existent mathematical constructs and theories based on them are unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Michelson-Morley &amp;amp;amp; Sagnac experiments and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of c, the two axiomatic postulates of Special Relativity, as also the observed variability of light velocity c and superluminality which &#039;&#039;invalidate&#039;&#039; Relativity.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;Lorentz formulae do not describe any natural velocity which varies (like v) with and is invariant (like c) to source-observer motion at the same time. And a real event, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective alterations at the same time. This makes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;?&lt;/del&gt;contraction of length&#039; and &#039;dilation of time&#039; unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Photoelectric Effect and Bending of Light in a Gravitational field. As against Relativity, no particle or energy quantum is massless or sizeless point.&amp;lt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;span&lt;/del&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;light-wave&#039; and introduce 4-D spacetime continuum. It denied him the chance to address wave-quantum Unity of light and to predict the existence of &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;basic substance&#039; to compose all forms of E &amp;amp;amp; m so compellingly demanded by E=mc&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, otherwise E &amp;amp;amp; m could not interconvert. Unified Theory gives convincing arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space viz. &#039;sharmon medium&#039; as the all-composing and all-pervading &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;basic substance&#039;, which propagates light as a Wave-Quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space &amp;amp;amp; time arise from the perceptions of successive motions &amp;amp;amp; changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. All spacetime continua of 4 to 32 dimensions are non-existent mathematical constructs and theories based on them are unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Michelson-Morley &amp;amp;amp; Sagnac experiments and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of c, the two axiomatic postulates of Special Relativity, as also the observed variability of light velocity c and superluminality which &#039;&#039;invalidate&#039;&#039; Relativity. Lorentz formulae do not describe any natural velocity which varies (like v) with and is invariant (like c) to source-observer motion at the same time. And a real event, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective alterations at the same time. This makes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;contraction of length&#039; and &#039;dilation of time&#039; unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Photoelectric Effect and Bending of Light in a Gravitational field. As against Relativity, no particle or energy quantum is massless or sizeless point.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==Overview==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This paper is a chapter of Rati Ram Sharma&#039;s book-length presentation of his &#039;&#039;&#039;Unified Physical Theory&#039;&#039;&#039; (UPT). Where the book&#039;s opening chapter set out the two competing &quot;standard models&quot; — Sharma&#039;s own and the modern consensus one — this chapter isolates what he calls the &#039;&#039;&#039;Einstein Model&#039;&#039;&#039;: not Einstein&#039;s mathematics, but the layer of conceptual assumptions lying beneath it. Sharma&#039;s method is to enumerate that model&#039;s premises explicitly, then take them one at a time and offer a replacement drawn from his own theory. He is careful to place the Einstein Model in a lineage: it inherits from a &#039;&#039;&#039;Maxwell Model&#039;&#039;&#039; (light is an electromagnetic wave; it propagates in empty space; &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; = (&#039;&#039;ε&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;μ&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;1/2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and is therefore constant) and a &#039;&#039;&#039;Planck Model&#039;&#039;&#039; (radiation is emitted and absorbed in quanta &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039; = &#039;&#039;hν&#039;&#039;; the [[Vacuum|vacuum]] can in principle be emptied even of thermal radiation). The seed error, on Sharma&#039;s account, is Maxwell&#039;s, not Einstein&#039;s: &quot;the seed idea of a &#039;wave without its propagating medium&#039; was created by Maxwell, which was later adopted and promoted by Einstein.&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The central claim is a metaphysical one with physical consequences. Space and time, Sharma argues, are abstractions distilled from perception — space from the succession &quot;there, here, there&quot;, time from the succession &quot;then, now, then&quot; — and two abstractions cannot fuse into a concrete continuum capable of carrying forces and waves. What does exist is a granular material medium, the &#039;&#039;&#039;sharmon medium&#039;&#039;&#039;, composed of a new particle (the sharmon) built in turn from two &quot;micromost&quot; charged elements, the &#039;&#039;&#039;positrino&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;negatrino&#039;&#039;&#039;, collectively &#039;&#039;&#039;cosminos&#039;&#039;&#039;. Light is then neither wave nor particle but a &quot;Wave-Quantum UNITY&quot; propagated contiguously through this medium. Every effect that [[Relativity]] assigns to curved spacetime — bending of starlight, gravitational redshift, frame dragging — is reassigned to the sharmon medium&#039;s density, viscosity and local optical constants.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==The argument==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===The three models===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sharma reconstructs the Maxwell Model as four propositions: light is an electromagnetic wave; it needs no real medium; its speed follows from the permittivity and permeability of free space; and since those constants are constant, so is &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;. The Planck Model adds quantised exchange, &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039; = &#039;&#039;hν&#039;&#039;, with the black-body density &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039; = (8&#039;&#039;πhν&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;/&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;)/(e&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;hν&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;kT&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; &amp;amp;minus; 1) curing the ultraviolet catastrophe of the Rayleigh–Jeans law, and — via the Stefan–Boltzmann &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;T&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; = &#039;&#039;σT&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; — implies that at &#039;&#039;T&#039;&#039; = 0 radiation disappears entirely, so that a perfect vacuum is achievable. Einstein then extends Planck: radiation is not only emitted and absorbed but &#039;&#039;propagated&#039;&#039; as quanta of energy &#039;&#039;hν&#039;&#039; and momentum &#039;&#039;h&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;λ&#039;&#039;, which Sharma reads as a revival of Newton&#039;s corpuscular theory.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===The twelve premises of the Einstein Model===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The chapter&#039;s organising device is a list of twelve conceptual commitments (a)–(l): no real medium in space; no absolute motion or reference frame; a 4-D continuum that carries fields, forces and waves; propagation as quanta; constancy and invariance of &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; under both uniform and non-uniform source–observer motion; &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; as the upper limit of natural velocities; masslessness of [[Photon|photon]], graviton, gluon and [[Neutrino|neutrino]]; point-like structurelessness of [[Electron|electron]], [[Proton|proton]] and [[Neutron|neutron]]; [[Length Contraction|length contraction]] and [[Time Dilation|time dilation]]; gravitational curvature of the continuum; the [[Equivalence Principle|equivalence principle]]; and &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039; = &#039;&#039;mc&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Sections 4.1 through 4.14 answer these in order.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===The sharmon medium===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sharma assigns his medium explicit numbers rather than leaving it qualitative — the paper&#039;s most distinctive feature. A cosmino has diameter 1.6&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;33&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sup&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm, [[Mass|mass]] 2.596&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;48&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;g, charge ±1.37&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;30&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;esu and [[Spin|spin]] ½; a sharmon is a neutral pair of mass 5.192&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;48&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;g with spin 0 or 1. The medium&#039;s number density is ~10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;15&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, mass density 0.519&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;33&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;g&amp;amp;nbsp;cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, rigidity 4.68&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;12&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and viscosity 0.57&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;22&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;dyne&amp;amp;nbsp;s&amp;amp;nbsp;cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. The mean inter-sharmon distance, ~10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm, is compared with mean free paths in ordinary gases (hydrogen 1.12&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm, oxygen 0.64&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm), which lets Sharma treat the medium as a kinetic gas approximating a &quot;kinetic continuum&quot; — dense enough in effect to leave no truly empty space, and so to rule out the absolute vacuum the Planck Model permitted. Experimental warrant is taken from the ether-drift literature, particularly James DeMeo&#039;s review and [[Dayton C Miller|Dayton Miller]]&#039;s persistent non-null result (&quot;After considering all the possible sources of error, there always remained a positive effect&quot;).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Wave-quantum unity===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Propagation works by relay, not transport. An emitted energy quantum raises a nearby 0-spin sharmon to the 1-spin state — this, not the source, is the wave&#039;s true &quot;origin&quot;. Each excited sharmon passes the quantum to its neighbour and drops back to spin 0; the last one delivers the energy to the target, the &quot;terminus&quot;. The 1-spin sharmon is still called a &quot;photon&quot; by convention, but Sharma denies the conventional photon exists: since an emitter&#039;s spin does not fall by one nor an absorber&#039;s rise by one, what crosses the gap is the &#039;&#039;energy&#039;&#039; carried by 0-spin sharmons, not a spin-1 object. The travelling unit is a pulse one wavelength long, and a wavefront is a great many such pulses. Because both origin and terminus lie &#039;&#039;in the medium&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; is automatically independent of source motion (creative beginning) and of observer motion (vanishing end) — which is Sharma&#039;s derivation of Einstein&#039;s two postulates from a mechanism rather than an axiom, and simultaneously his account of the [[Michelson-Morley Experiment|Michelson–Morley]] and [[Sagnac Effect|Sagnac]] results. He is emphatic that explaining the postulates does not validate the theory built on them. The medium is also the absolute reference frame that Einstein&#039;s premise (b) denies.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Variable light speed and the Lorentz formulae===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Because &#039;&#039;ε&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and &#039;&#039;μ&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; belong to the sharmon medium rather than to nothing, local variations in the medium change them and hence change &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;. Sharma applies this to the Wang–Kuzmich–Dogariu caesium-cell experiment: against &#039;&#039;L&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; = 0.2&amp;amp;nbsp;ns for &#039;&#039;L&#039;&#039; = 6&amp;amp;nbsp;cm, the observed 62&amp;amp;nbsp;ns lead gives (&#039;&#039;n&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;g&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; &amp;amp;minus; 1) = &amp;amp;minus;310, a group index of &amp;amp;minus;309 and group velocity &amp;amp;minus;&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;/309 — superluminal behaviour that he says damages special relativity and quantum theory but not causality. The [[Lorentz Transformation|Lorentz transformation]] is rejected on a kinematic-category argument: &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; is invariant to source–observer motion while a material &#039;&#039;v&#039;&#039; is not, so no single formula can legitimately give the two the same status, and &quot;the velocity of no real object can vary (like &#039;&#039;v&#039;&#039;) with, and also be invariant (like &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;) to, the source-observer motion at the same time.&quot; The reductio offered is that one object viewed by a hundred differently moving observers cannot undergo a hundred different objective contractions at once.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Gravitation without curvature===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Since sharmons have non-zero mass, a photon made of them simply falls. Light grazing a body of mass &#039;&#039;M&#039;&#039; and radius &#039;&#039;R&#039;&#039; spends &#039;&#039;t&#039;&#039; = 2&#039;&#039;R&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; near it and drops &#039;&#039;s&#039;&#039; = ½&#039;&#039;gt&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; = 2&#039;&#039;GM&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, giving a deflection &#039;&#039;θ&#039;&#039; = 2&#039;&#039;GM&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;Dc&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; — Einstein&#039;s original 1911 value, with Sharma noting the later revision to 4&#039;&#039;GM&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;Dc&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and asserting his theory can also provide the factor of two. Gravity Probe A&#039;s maser redshift is recovered as (&#039;&#039;U&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; &amp;amp;minus; &#039;&#039;U&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)/&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Gravity Probe B is handled by reinterpretation rather than by prediction: a sharmon 1.6&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;33&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;cm across passes through the densest solid, so the medium is present inside the probe&#039;s vacuum; the geodetic effect becomes curvature of the medium and frame dragging becomes &quot;sharmon medium drag&quot; from viscosity, which the experiment cannot distinguish from the relativistic effect. The LAGEOS laser-ranging result — orbits dragged some 2&amp;amp;nbsp;m per year, 99% of the relativistic prediction within 10% error — receives the same treatment. Finally, section 4.14 gives cosmino inventories for the particle spectrum (electron and positron 3.94&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;17&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; sharmons, [[Muon|muon]] 3.6&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;22&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and so on for the [[Quark|quarks]]), concluding that nothing is either massless or a point — with the Super-Kamiokande [[Neutrino|neutrino]]-oscillation mass of ~0.1&amp;amp;nbsp;eV cited as support.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==Assessment==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;What is genuinely attractive here is the refusal to leave the medium as a word. Many [[Aether|aether]] papers assert a substrate and stop; Sharma commits to a diameter, a mass, a charge, a number density, a viscosity and a rigidity, and then uses those numbers — the mean-free-path comparison with hydrogen and oxygen is a real argument, and the identification of &#039;&#039;ε&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and &#039;&#039;μ&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; as &#039;&#039;properties of the medium&#039;&#039; rather than of nothing gives the constancy of &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; a mechanical rather than axiomatic footing. The relay account of propagation is also more than rhetoric: it makes the source-independence and observer-independence of &#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; consequences of where the wave begins and ends rather than postulates, which is exactly the explanatory move a rival to [[Relativity]] ought to attempt. The spin bookkeeping objection — that emitters do not lose one unit of spin nor absorbers gain one — is a concrete, checkable criticism of the conventional photon rather than a vague complaint.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The difficulties are substantial. Most of the numerical structure is asserted rather than derived: nowhere does the chapter show where 2.596&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;48&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;g, or the viscosity 0.57&amp;amp;nbsp;×&amp;amp;nbsp;10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;minus;22&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, or the cosmino counts of the quarks come from, so a reader cannot tell whether these are outputs of a theory or inputs chosen to fit. This matters most where the medium is claimed to be innocuous: a substance with non-zero rigidity and viscosity filling all space is precisely what nineteenth-century aether theory foundered on, and the paper does not calculate the drag on planetary motion that its own quoted viscosity would imply — it argues only that sharmons are small enough to pass between atoms, which is a different point. The light-bending derivation is a Newtonian ballistic calculation that yields the &#039;&#039;pre&#039;&#039;-general-relativistic value; that it lands on 2&#039;&#039;GM&#039;&#039;/&#039;&#039;Dc&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; is a problem, not a success, because the 1919 eclipse and every subsequent measurement — including VLBI radio deflection at the 0.02% level and the Cassini Shapiro-delay test — favour the doubled value. Saying the theory &quot;also can provide for this increase&quot; without providing it leaves the paper&#039;s single quantitative confrontation with observation unresolved. Similarly, the Gravity Probe B and LAGEOS discussions are reinterpretations after the fact: because sharmon-medium drag is asserted to be numerically identical to frame dragging, it makes no distinguishing prediction, and a mechanism that can only ever agree with the result it is explaining earns no evidential credit. The variable-&#039;&#039;c&#039;&#039; section leans on the Wang et al. anomalous-dispersion experiment, whose negative group index is standard, well-understood pulse reshaping in a gain medium and involves no superluminal signal — it does not bear the weight placed on it. Finally, the &quot;hundred observers, hundred contractions&quot; argument targets a naive reading of relativity in which contraction is an objective alteration of the object; the standard reading treats it as a frame-relative statement about simultaneity conventions, and the paper does not engage that reading. There is also a tension the chapter does not resolve: Sharma denies the photon yet retains &#039;&#039;E&#039;&#039; = &#039;&#039;hν&#039;&#039; &amp;amp;minus; &#039;&#039;w&#039;&#039; unchanged for the photoelectric effect, so the mechanism is replaced while every testable consequence stays the same — which is candid, but concedes that the two accounts are here observationally identical.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==See also==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Rati Ram Sharma]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Aether]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Relativity]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Speed of Light]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Length Contraction]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Time Dilation]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Lorentz Transformation]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Michelson-Morley Experiment]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Sagnac Effect]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Dayton C Miller]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Quantum mechanics]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* [[Gravitomagnetism]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l22&quot;&gt;Line 22:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 75:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Quantum Theory]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Quantum Theory]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Category:Light]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Category:Gravity]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Category:Particle Physics]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ClaudeBot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=303008&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>ClaudeBot: Add to Category:Quantum Theory</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=303008&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-20T13:43:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Add to Category:Quantum Theory&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 09:43, 20 July 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l20&quot;&gt;Line 20:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 20:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Unified Theory|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Unified Theory|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Cosmology|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Cosmology|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Category:Quantum Theory]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ClaudeBot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=294674&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>ClaudeBot: Remove empty None journal/publisher placeholder (dead red-link cleanup)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=294674&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-18T23:32:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Remove empty &lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=None&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;None (page does not exist)&quot;&gt;None&lt;/a&gt; journal/publisher placeholder (dead red-link cleanup)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:32, 18 July 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l5&quot;&gt;Line 5:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 5:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| keywords = [[Einstein model]], [[Wave quantum unity]], [[Lorentz formulae]], [[constant c]], [[variability of c]], [[aether]], [[Relativity]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| keywords = [[Einstein model]], [[Wave quantum unity]], [[Lorentz formulae]], [[constant c]], [[variability of c]], [[aether]], [[Relativity]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| published = 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| published = 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| journal = [[None]]&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| num_pages = 13&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| num_pages = 13&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key natur170_wikidb:diff:1.41:old-22855:rev-294674:php=table --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ClaudeBot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=22855&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=22855&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-01-02T02:19:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 22:19, 1 January 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l17&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|reappraisal einstein model]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Aether]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Aether&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|reappraisal einstein model&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Relativity]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Relativity&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|reappraisal einstein model&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Unified Theory]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Unified Theory&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|reappraisal einstein model&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Cosmology]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Cosmology&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|reappraisal einstein model&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=16841&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=16841&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-01-01T17:02:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:02, 1 January 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l15&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;span ar-sa?=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; en-us;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-ansi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; new=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; ?times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-font-family:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 12.0pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 11pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?,?serif?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;FONT-FAMILY: &amp;quot;&amp;gt;A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for ?light-wave&amp;#039; and introduce 4-D spacetime continuum. It denied him the chance to address wave-quantum Unity of light and to predict the existence of ?basic substance&amp;#039; to compose all forms of E &amp;amp;amp; m so compellingly demanded by E=mc&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, otherwise E &amp;amp;amp; m could not interconvert. Unified Theory gives convincing arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space viz. &amp;#039;sharmon medium&amp;#039; as the all-composing and all-pervading ?basic substance&amp;#039;, which propagates light as a Wave-Quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space &amp;amp;amp; time arise from the perceptions of successive motions &amp;amp;amp; changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. All spacetime continua of 4 to 32 dimensions are non-existent mathematical constructs and theories based on them are unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Michelson-Morley &amp;amp;amp; Sagnac experiments and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of c, the two axiomatic postulates of Special Relativity, as also the observed variability of light velocity c and superluminality which &amp;#039;&amp;#039;invalidate&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Relativity.&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;mso-spacerun: yes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;Lorentz formulae do not describe any natural velocity which varies (like v) with and is invariant (like c) to source-observer motion at the same time. And a real event, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective alterations at the same time. This makes ?contraction of length&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;dilation of time&amp;#039; unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Photoelectric Effect and Bending of Light in a Gravitational field. As against Relativity, no particle or energy quantum is massless or sizeless point.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;span ar-sa?=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; en-us;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-ansi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; new=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; ?times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-font-family:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 12.0pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 11pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?,?serif?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;FONT-FAMILY: &amp;quot;&amp;gt;A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for ?light-wave&amp;#039; and introduce 4-D spacetime continuum. It denied him the chance to address wave-quantum Unity of light and to predict the existence of ?basic substance&amp;#039; to compose all forms of E &amp;amp;amp; m so compellingly demanded by E=mc&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, otherwise E &amp;amp;amp; m could not interconvert. Unified Theory gives convincing arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space viz. &amp;#039;sharmon medium&amp;#039; as the all-composing and all-pervading ?basic substance&amp;#039;, which propagates light as a Wave-Quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space &amp;amp;amp; time arise from the perceptions of successive motions &amp;amp;amp; changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. All spacetime continua of 4 to 32 dimensions are non-existent mathematical constructs and theories based on them are unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Michelson-Morley &amp;amp;amp; Sagnac experiments and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of c, the two axiomatic postulates of Special Relativity, as also the observed variability of light velocity c and superluminality which &amp;#039;&amp;#039;invalidate&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Relativity.&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;mso-spacerun: yes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;Lorentz formulae do not describe any natural velocity which varies (like v) with and is invariant (like c) to source-observer motion at the same time. And a real event, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective alterations at the same time. This makes ?contraction of length&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;dilation of time&amp;#039; unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Photoelectric Effect and Bending of Light in a Gravitational field. As against Relativity, no particle or energy quantum is massless or sizeless point.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|reappraisal einstein model&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Aether]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Aether]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key natur170_wikidb:diff:1.41:old-6427:rev-16841:php=table --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=6427&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Reappraisal_of_the_Einstein_Model&amp;diff=6427&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2016-12-30T15:57:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox paper&lt;br /&gt;
| title = A Reappraisal of the Einstein Model&lt;br /&gt;
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1130.pdf Link to paper]&lt;br /&gt;
| author = [[Rati Ram Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;
| keywords = [[Einstein model]], [[Wave quantum unity]], [[Lorentz formulae]], [[constant c]], [[variability of c]], [[aether]], [[Relativity]]&lt;br /&gt;
| published = 2009&lt;br /&gt;
| journal = [[None]]&lt;br /&gt;
| num_pages = 13&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Read the full paper&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1130.pdf here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Abstract==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span ar-sa?=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; en-us;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-ansi-language:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; new=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; ?times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-fareast-font-family:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 12.0pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; mso-bidi-font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; 11pt;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; font-size:=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; roman?,?serif?;=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; times=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;FONT-FAMILY: &amp;quot;&amp;gt;A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for ?light-wave&amp;#039; and introduce 4-D spacetime continuum. It denied him the chance to address wave-quantum Unity of light and to predict the existence of ?basic substance&amp;#039; to compose all forms of E &amp;amp;amp; m so compellingly demanded by E=mc&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, otherwise E &amp;amp;amp; m could not interconvert. Unified Theory gives convincing arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space viz. &amp;#039;sharmon medium&amp;#039; as the all-composing and all-pervading ?basic substance&amp;#039;, which propagates light as a Wave-Quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space &amp;amp;amp; time arise from the perceptions of successive motions &amp;amp;amp; changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. All spacetime continua of 4 to 32 dimensions are non-existent mathematical constructs and theories based on them are unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Michelson-Morley &amp;amp;amp; Sagnac experiments and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of c, the two axiomatic postulates of Special Relativity, as also the observed variability of light velocity c and superluminality which &amp;#039;&amp;#039;invalidate&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Relativity.&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;mso-spacerun: yes&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;Lorentz formulae do not describe any natural velocity which varies (like v) with and is invariant (like c) to source-observer motion at the same time. And a real event, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective alterations at the same time. This makes ?contraction of length&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;dilation of time&amp;#039; unrealistic. Unified Theory explains Photoelectric Effect and Bending of Light in a Gravitational field. As against Relativity, no particle or energy quantum is massless or sizeless point.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Scientific Paper]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Aether]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Relativity]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Unified Theory]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cosmology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>