View source for Our Cosmos = Holographic 4D-Spherical Standing Wave

{{Infobox paper
| title = Our Cosmos = Holographic 4D-Spherical Standing Wave
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6842.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[John P Wsol]]
| keywords = [[Cosmology]], [[Gravity]], [[Unified Theory]], [[Hyper-Dimensionality]], [[Redshift]], [[Special Relativity]], [[General Relativity]], [[Cosmological Relativity]]
| published = 2013
| journal = [[Proceedings of the NPA]]
| num_pages = 11
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6842.pdf here]

==Abstract==

The breakthrough perspective afforded by this simple paradigm -- of viewing the cosmos as a 4D Onion, implemented as a hyperspherical standing wave -- suddenly our universe becomes demystified! Starting from a higher-dimensional perspective of viewing the grand-scale of the Cosmic Onion as being the context in which our universe experiences Space~Time expansion. It goes on to describe every detail of the invisible sub-microscopic quantum world. It does so by labeling these tiny geometric constructs with the fundamental physical constants that make up the CODATA database and whose values and experimental backing are exhaustively documented at the National Institute of Standards and Technology website NIST.gov.

Amazingly, once we have described this foundational model, we will ask the model questions, even those that have perplexed mainstream science for centuries, and the model, ITSELF, will answer those questions. But, unlike scientific tradition, it will not stop at describing the behavior of physical phenomena, but will explain fundamental aspects of how the universe works. We will ask the model to resolve the confusion concerning mystical concepts like: Particle-Wave Duality, Action at a Distance, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. We'll ask it to explain photons, matter, Gravity, Electromagnetism as well as the Strong &amp; Weak interactions ALL as being manifestations of these truly fundamental quantum-wave constructs.

Some tough questions this model easily answers are: (0) Aether or not? (1) What is a particle? (2) What makes an electron negative and a proton positive? (3) Most particles manifest mass, why? and for photons Why do they NOT manifest mass? (4) General Relativity says "matter tells space-time how to curve" -- By what mechanism does matter cause space-time to curve? (5) It also says "space-time curvature tells matter how to move" -- what causes objects to "fall" into the space-time dent? (6) What quantum mechanical mechanism explains how electromagnetism attracts or repels? (7) Explain the Strong Nuclear Force, what mechanism holds nuclei together? (8) Explain what is the fundamental cause for nuclear decay?

==Overview==

Presented at the 2013 NPA conference at College Park and edited by NPA member [[Michael Studencki]], Wsol's paper proposes a single geometric picture from which he attempts to read off cosmology, gravity, [[Electrodynamics|electromagnetism]] and nuclear structure at once. The picture is the '''Cosmic Onion''': the whole of the cosmos is a 4-dimensional hypersphere whose radial coordinate is time and whose concentric 3-dimensional shells — one [[Planck Constant|Planck]]-time thick, each 180° out of phase with the next — are the successive instants of space. The [[Cosmic Microwave Background|cosmic microwave background]] sits at the core, "the outer darkness is waiting for 'Now' to arrive", and the expanding outermost shell is the '''Now-Manifold''', which Wsol identifies with Einstein's spacetime manifold and with a unified field. In his slogan, "the expansion of the Universe IS one-and-the-same AS the forward flow of time itself."

The paper is written as a catechism: the model is set up and then interrogated. Wsol distinguishes ''Cosmos'' (the whole onion) from ''Universe'' (one shell), rejects the [[Big Bang]] in favour of a "Big Flash", claims [[Dark Matter]] and [[Dark Energy]] are artefacts of assuming Euclidean geometry, treats [[Mach's Principle|Mach's principle]] as satisfied by the onion layers themselves supplying an absolute local rest frame, and identifies the strong interaction with [[Quantum Entanglement|entanglement]] of hollow spring-shaped matter waves rather than a force. Its distinctive methodological claim is that the CODATA constants — μ<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, ''Z''<sub>0</sub>, ''G'', ''K''<sub>e</sub>, α, the Planck units — are labels for parts of this geometry, so that mapping them one-to-one onto the model amounts to deriving them.

==The model==

===The onion and the Now-Manifold===

Space is not empty: Wsol argues that a truly empty cubic metre "would have one-and-only-one property" and could not carry light, so the Space~Time Medium must be a real elastic medium under negative pressure, like a stretched drum membrane or a flask of water being suction-pumped, capable of transverse waves. The hypersphere is a standing wave formed by concentric inward and outward waves passing through each other and cancelling apparent motion. Each layer oscillates for one Planck time, ~5.391×10<sup>−44</sup> s, which sets its "thinness"; the layers are said to subdivide a proton by nineteen orders of magnitude.

Expansion is resisted, and Wsol names the resistance the '''impedance of free space''' ''Z''<sub>0</sub>: "this resistance is what regulates expansion; literally regulating the rate time proceeds forward." Matter distorts the Now-Manifold by quantum jitter that "fractalizes" its surface down to a Planck cut-off, producing a temporal dent whose slope is the gravitational field — near Earth's surface, "about 9.80665 meters/second/second".

===The constants as geometry===

Wsol reports the origin of the whole scheme: "Once I noticed the RATIO between the Magnetic Force constant, ''K''<sub>m</sub> (1×10<sup>−7</sup> N(s/C)<sup>2</sup>) and μ<sub>0</sub> was 4π — the rest of the Cosmic Puzzle pieces fell in place." The factor 4π he attributes to the Planck-spheres oscillating by their own radius relative to themselves but twice that relative to the adjacent layer, "thus the circumference of 2π becomes a difference of 4π". From ''K''<sub>m</sub> he chains to μ<sub>0</sub>, ''Z''<sub>0</sub>, ''c'' and ε<sub>0</sub>.

Table 1 of the paper arranges gravity, electricity and wave propagation in parallel, each with a "spatial" constant equal to a "temporal" constant times ''c''<sup>2</sup>: ''K''<sub>e</sub> = ''K''<sub>m</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup> and 1/ε<sub>0</sub> = μ<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>. The gravitational row requires a constant Wsol says is missing from physics, '''''K''<sub>Θ</sub>''' = 7.425648×10<sup>−28</sup> m/kg, with ''G'' = ''K''<sub>Θ</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>, described as "the quantum factor defining how much a given mass slows down Space~Time expansion". He notes that ''K''<sub>Θ</sub> times two Planck masses gives two Planck lengths — the Schwarzschild radius of a Planck mass — and insists on writing it as ''K''<sub>Θ</sub>(''m''<sub>l</sub>+''m''<sub>l</sub>) to signal "two separate masses on two adjacent Onion-layers".

Further identifications follow. The [[Planck Constant|reduced Planck constant]] ''ħ'' is "the cross-section area of rotation times the mass of 1-sphere-per-oscillation time", giving 1.1733×10<sup>−48</sup> g per virtual sphere. The Planck charge, ''q''<sub>l</sub> = ''e''/√α ≈ 1.8755×10<sup>−18</sup> C, is "about 11.7 times stronger" than the electron charge, "This results in about 11.7<sup>2</sup> or 137 times more surface area on the toroid". The classical electron radius is written ''r''<sub>e</sub> = α(''m''<sub>P</sub>/''m''<sub>e</sub>)''l''<sub>P</sub>, and the electron is pictured as a torus with the Bohr radius as major axis and ''r''<sub>e</sub> as minor axis, "137 little loops" whipped around the major axis at the Planck rate.

===Relativity, dark matter, dark energy===

Wsol separates three redshifts (Table 2): Doppler, which he insists is "always two separate instantaneous occurrences" at emission and reception; gravitational; and cosmological, which "happens slowly over the entire duration of the light's journey" and measures how much the universe grew in transit. Mass increase with speed is pictured as more coil-oscillations of a spring-shaped wave fitting into one second when the spring's centreline is tilted relative to the layers; a particle at rest has its centreline normal to the layers, giving "the rest mass".

[[Dark Matter]] is rejected on the ground that matter must interact strongly with the Now-Manifold to fractalize it at all, so weakly interacting massive particles are excluded by construction; flat rotation curves are instead attributed to a galaxy's spread-out mass twisting the Now-Manifold into "a spiral shaped vortex", so stars fall towards the inner contours of that vortex rather than towards the centre. [[Dark Energy]] is called "an illusion caused by a wrong understanding of Cosmic Geometry": both the metre and the second scale with cosmic time, keeping ''c'' fixed, so acceleration is only apparent. Dark Flow is attributed to our recession from the antipode of the hypersphere. He also offers accounts of the Pioneer anomaly (a reference-frame drift of "16.1 seconds per year") and of claimed weight loss in spinning gyroscopes (rotational Doppler tilting the Now-Manifold into a cone, lessening its temporal slope).

===Particles and the nucleus===

Photons are "spirally polarized quantized wave-snippets" that ride ''along'' the layers, never penetrating the Planck-spheres, and so manifest no mass; matter waves are tightly coiled springs that propagate along the time axis and do penetrate, and that penetration is mass. Alternating left- and right-handed polarizations on odd and even layers are offered as the reason a spin-½ particle needs 720° to return to its initial state. Charge is "dispersion of angular momentum", and a particle's identity is fixed by the signs and handedness of major (Planck-charge) and minor (fundamental-charge) torus axes, with a table assigning [[Neutron|neutron]], [[Proton|proton]], [[Electron|electron]] and [[Positron|positron]] to the four symmetric combinations. The proton's apparent three-[[Quark|quark]] structure is renamed QUARK, "QUantum Active-Reactive Knitting", arising from its wave interacting with outward layers forward in time and inward layers backward in time. The strong interaction is not a force: hollow spring-waves twist around one another, and "this is what holds the nucleus together — simply quantum entanglement". Radioactive decay is torsional tension accumulating in an asymmetric bundle until the entanglement snaps, with alpha decay involving a twisted proton–neutron pair and beta decay a lone neutron on the surface of the bundle.

==Assessment==

The paper's ambition and its visual imagination are real. The onion picture gives a concrete answer to the awkward question of what the [[Arrow of Time|arrow of time]] is — it is the radial direction, and expansion and time's passage are made the same thing — and it supplies an absolute local frame without a universal one, which is a coherent way to want [[Mach's Principle|Mach's principle]] to work. The insistence that "matter tells spacetime how to curve" needs a mechanism, not just a field equation, is a legitimate complaint. And the observation that the [[Dark Energy|dark energy]] inference depends on comparing local clock rates with distant ones is at least the right kind of worry to raise.

But the paper's founding observation is an artefact of the unit system, and this is decisive for its central claim. Wsol says the scheme began when he noticed that ''K''<sub>m</sub>/μ<sub>0</sub> = 1/4π. In the SI in force when the paper was written, μ<sub>0</sub> was ''defined'' to be exactly 4π×10<sup>−7</sup> N/A<sup>2</sup> — that was the definition of the ampere. ''K''<sub>m</sub> ≡ μ<sub>0</sub>/4π = 10<sup>−7</sup> exactly is therefore a tautology, not a fact about the vacuum, and the 4π is the 4π of a sphere's solid angle that SI chose to put in the constant rather than in the field equation. Gaussian units place it elsewhere and the ratio vanishes. The 2019 SI redefinition removed even the exactness: μ<sub>0</sub> is now a measured quantity, 4π×10<sup>−7</sup> multiplied by roughly 1+5.5×10<sup>−10</sup>. A cosmological geometry cannot be founded on a bookkeeping convention that has since been changed by committee.

The same problem runs through the constant identifications, and here the arithmetic is worth checking one by one. ''K''<sub>e</sub> = ''K''<sub>m</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>: 10<sup>−7</sup> × 8.98755×10<sup>16</sup> = 8.98755×10<sup>9</sup> — correct, and true by definition, since 1/4πε<sub>0</sub> = μ<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>/4π. Likewise 1/ε<sub>0</sub> = μ<sub>0</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup> is the definition of ''c'' in SI. ''K''<sub>Θ</sub> = 7.425648×10<sup>−28</sup> is exactly ''G''/''c''<sup>2</sup> = 6.67384×10<sup>−11</sup>/8.98755×10<sup>16</sup> — arithmetically right, but it is ''G'' divided by ''c''<sup>2</sup> and given a new name, not a new constant discovered by the model. That ''K''<sub>Θ</sub> times two Planck masses equals two Planck lengths follows in one line: ''Gm''<sub>P</sub>/''c''<sup>2</sup> = ''l''<sub>P</sub> is an algebraic identity of the Planck units, since ''m''<sub>P</sub>''l''<sub>P</sub> = ''ħ''/''c''. So too ''q''<sub>l</sub> = ''e''/√α = 1.8755×10<sup>−18</sup> C (√137.036 = 11.70, and 11.70<sup>2</sup> = 137 — this is the definition of α restated twice) and ''r''<sub>e</sub> = α(''m''<sub>P</sub>/''m''<sub>e</sub>)''l''<sub>P</sub>, which reduces to ''r''<sub>e</sub> = α''ħ''/(''m''<sub>e</sub>''c''), again a definition. Every "one-to-one mapping" the conclusion celebrates is an identity that holds in any theory whatever, and none of them constrains the onion.

Smaller numerical slips accumulate. The Planck spheres are said to oscillate "1.855×10<sup>44</sup> times per second"; the reciprocal of the Planck time is 1.855×10<sup>43</sup>, and equation (7)'s own answer, 1.1733×10<sup>−48</sup> g, is only reproduced using 10<sup>43</sup> — so the printed exponent is wrong by a factor of ten while the arithmetic beneath it is right. Equation (13) gives the electron radius as 2.81794×10<sup>−13</sup>, which is the CGS value in centimetres in a paper otherwise working in metres (2.81794×10<sup>−15</sup> m). "Each time the universe doubles in size its perceived age increases by 144.69% = 1/ln(2)" misstates its own constant: 1/ln 2 = 1.44270, not 1.4469. And "the Great Circle circumference of this expanding sphere grows at 2×speed-of-light" is not right for a sphere whose radius grows at ''c'': the diameter grows at 2''c'', but the circumference grows at 2π''c''.

Beyond arithmetic, the physics is asserted rather than derived. "Photon = ''hc''" is offered as an equation, but ''hc'' has dimensions of energy×length, not energy. The gravitational field is called a "temporal slope" of 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>, but a slope in time would not have the dimensions of an acceleration, and no metric is written down from which that number could be computed for any other body. No rotation curve is fitted; the Now-Manifold "vortex" is described but never evaluated against the measured flat curves it is invoked to replace, nor against the strongest current dark-matter evidence, the offset between the lensing mass and the X-ray gas in the Bullet Cluster, which a purely geometric response to the visible mass distribution has difficulty producing.

Two of the paper's empirical hooks had already failed by 2013. The Pioneer anomaly, quoted correctly as (8.74±1.33)×10<sup>−8</sup> cm/s<sup>2</sup>, was accounted for in 2012 by Turyshev and colleagues as anisotropic thermal re-radiation from the spacecraft's radioisotope generators and louvres, modelled to within the error bars — so there is no residual for a reference-frame drift to explain. The "gyroscopes lose weight" effect rests on Hayasaka and Takeuchi's 1989 report, which was not reproduced by Faller, by Nitschke and Wilmarth, or by Quinn and Picard, all of which returned null results at higher sensitivity. Dark Flow, likewise, has not survived: subsequent WMAP and [[Cosmic Microwave Background|Planck]] analyses of the kinematic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich signal found no statistically significant bulk flow of the claimed amplitude.

Finally, the model wants space-and-clock rates to scale together so that ''c'' stays fixed and "everything in the universe is expanding", including atoms. If atoms expand with space, atomic transition frequencies scale too, and the cosmological redshift becomes unobservable by construction; the paper does not show how a residual survives. Nor does it engage with the (1+''z'') stretching of Type [[Supernova|Ia supernova]] light curves, the standard independent test that cosmological redshift is a genuine time dilation, which would need to be recovered from the layer geometry rather than assumed. As it stands the Cosmic Onion is a richly worked metaphor with correct algebra inside it, but the algebra is algebra everyone already had.

==See also==

* [[John P Wsol]]
* [[Michael Studencki]]
* [[Dark Matter]]
* [[Dark Energy]]
* [[Expanding Universe]]
* [[Cosmic Microwave Background]]
* [[Fine Structure Constant]]
* [[Planck Constant]]
* [[Mach's Principle]]
* [[Arrow of Time]]
* [[Quantum Entanglement]]
* [[Nassim Haramein]]
* [[Fritz Zwicky]]
* [[Redshift]]

[[Category:Scientific Paper|cosmos holographic d-spherical standing wave]]

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[[Category:Relativity|cosmos holographic d-spherical standing wave]]
[[Category:Unified Theory|cosmos holographic d-spherical standing wave]]
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