View source for Fusion Mass Losses and Tunnels Formed between Touching Nucleons

{{Infobox paper
| title = Fusion Mass Losses and Tunnels Formed between Touching Nucleons
| author = [[Carl R Littmann]]
| keywords = mass, proton
| published = 2015
| num_pages = 7
}}

==Abstract==

&nbsp;

<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>When nucleons fuse with neighbors, there is mass loss and great energy emitted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>We discuss the great jump in fusion mass lost when four nucleons are fused together compared to three.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>About 4 times as much mass is lost, but we show how this is largely expected since 4 times as many triangular planes with &lsquo;donut holes&rsquo; are formed vs. for 3 nucleons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Specifically, we show how after 3 Hydrogen-1 atoms fuse to form 1 Helium-3 atom, the mass lost equals twice the mass of a sphere sized to barely fit through the array&rsquo;s donut hole, with an error of about 1 part in 5000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Finally, we discuss implications of all the above and related topics, including supplementing the present neutron-proton based &lsquo;binding energy&rsquo; method with a more revealing electron-proton based one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>

[[Category:Scientific Paper|Scientific Paper]]

[[Category:Structure]]