View source for Doppler Phenomena Determined by Photon-Cosmic Field Interactions

{{Infobox paper
| title = Doppler Phenomena Determined by Photon-Cosmic Field Interactions
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6474.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[Viraj Fernando]]
| keywords = Doppler, photon, Field
| published = 2012
| journal = [[Proceedings of the NPA]]
| volume = 9
| num_pages = 11
| pages = 149-159
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6474.pdf here]

==Abstract==

This paper concerns a new field of study – Energy Mechanics. It is discerned that all systems are open and there is an ingress and egress of energy from particles and photons into the cosmic governing field in all interactions. And all phenomena are determined by algorithms which regulate the ingress and egress of energy. Doppler shifts, aberration, and Fresnel's formula for motion of light are all explained as photon cosmic field interactions determined by algorithms.

Keywords: Energy interactions, natural coordinate systems, constancy of coordinate volume, cosmic governing field, information, algorithms, ingress and egress of energy to the field, induction of energy.

==Overview==

Viraj Fernando presented this paper to the 19th Natural Philosophy Alliance conference at Albuquerque in 2012. It proposes a discipline he calls '''Energy Mechanics''', built on a single claim: no physical system is closed. In every interaction, energy passes between the participating bodies and a "cosmic governing field", and the geometry of that exchange — which Fernando calls an ''algorithm'' — determines the outcome. The algorithms are literally drawn: each is a figure of orthogonal line segments whose lengths represent quantities of energy, and the physical results are read off as projections and Pythagorean sums.

The break with the standard account is not a claim that relativity's ''predictions'' are wrong but that its ''reasons'' are. Fernando's opening move is that the appearance of ''c'' in relativistic formulae has nothing to do with light: the [[Speed of Light|velocity of light]] "coincidentally happens to have the same value ''c''", and relativity has convicted light "guilty by association". In his account ''c'' appears because it is the invariant "oscillatory velocity co-ordinate" of any quantity of energy of motion. From this he rebuilds relativistic dynamics, gravitational clock rates, the [[Doppler Effect|Doppler]] shift, aberration, and Fresnel's dragging formula, all as geometry plus energy bookkeeping with the field. He also rejects "[[Mass|mass]] increase" outright, arguing that the term ''γMc''<sup>2</sup> is not one thing but a sum of two.

''(Note on the text: PDF extraction silently drops the Greek letter γ throughout this paper. Formulae below have had the factor restored where the paper's own arithmetic requires it.)''

==The argument==

===The algorithm of motion===

Fernando's central figure is a right triangle. The rest energy ''E'' = ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> is the segment AD; the applied energy of motion ''Q'' = ''MVc'' is the segment DC drawn perpendicular to it; the hypotenuse AC closes the figure. Dropping a perpendicular from D onto AC at E, and writing the angle DAC as α, he obtains sin α = ''v''/''c'', cos α = (1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> = 1/γ, DE = ''Mvc'', AE = ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>/γ and AC = γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>.

The physical reading is that when energy of motion "bonds" to particle energy, both lose the fraction (1 − 1/γ) of themselves to the governing field — "similar to what occurs when an electron and a positron fuse together" — and that this loss, rather than any residual binding energy, ''is'' the bonding. The subsystem is then left with a "void" EC, which the field fills by inducing the quantity γ''Mv''<sup>2</sup>. Fernando identifies this induced field energy as the origin of the centrifugal force, of the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor, and of the [[Lorentz Force|Lorentz force]].

He then argues that four standard relations are just readings of the figure: ''E''<sub>total</sub><sup>2</sup> = (''Mc''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> + (''pc'')<sup>2</sup> is AD<sup>2</sup> + DC<sup>2</sup> = AC<sup>2</sup>; ''pc'' = γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> sin α; the kinetic energy ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>(γ − 1) is BC = AC − AB; and, added by him as new, γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> = ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>/γ + γ''Mv''<sup>2</sup>, which is AC = AE + EC. This last decomposition is the paper's argument against mass increase: the "increased" energy is not a single enlarged mass term but the sum of a ''reduced'' internal energy ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>/γ and an induced field term. The reduced internal energy is what he uses to explain why "internal processes of a particle slow down when in motion."

===Property coordinates===

Underpinning the geometry is an analogy with thermodynamics developed at length in sections 2.3–2.8. A quantity of heat is the product of three "property co-ordinates" — pressure, volume and inverse temperature — whose product, the "co-ordinate volume", stays constant while the individual coordinates vary conjugately, as in Boyle's law. Fernando takes this, citing Leibniz's "Multiplicity in Unity", as the geometric statement of energy conservation, and asserts that energy of motion has the same structure: inertia (extensive) × translational velocity (intensive) × oscillatory velocity (neutral, permanently locked at ''c''). Hence ''Q'' = ''pc'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>, and the reason ''c'' appears everywhere is that it is the frozen third coordinate, not a property of light. Space and time are dispensed with as primitive categories; he objects that in relativity "mass as a primitive physical unit has no co-ordinate function whatsoever."

===Gravitation and the GPS clock===

An "algorithm of gravitation" is built the same way. For a body at distance ''R''<sub>E</sub> from Earth's centre, the field supplies the information that (''GM''<sub>E</sub>/''R''<sub>E</sub>)<sup>1/2</sup> = ''v'', the potential orbital velocity, and this fixes an angle α with tan α = ''v''/''c''. The nascent energy ''M''<sub>n</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup> then splits into gravitational energy ''M''<sub>n</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>sin<sup>2</sup>α and internal energy ''M''<sub>n</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>cos<sup>2</sup>α, so that inertial mass itself varies with position, ''M'' = ''M''<sub>n</sub>cos<sup>2</sup>α. Gravitational "attraction" is reinterpreted: it is not an external force but "an internal 'negative force'", a mutual suction arising because each body is in deficiency after surrendering energy to the field.

Applied to a caesium clock launched into GPS orbit, the change of internal energy between the two altitudes is ''M''<sub>n</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>(sin<sup>2</sup>α<sub>1</sub> − sin<sup>2</sup>α<sub>2</sub>), which Fernando states "correlates to 45.67 microseconds per day", citing Van Flandern's analysis of [[GPS]].

===Doppler, aberration and Fresnel drag===

For photons Fernando posits that only one of the two velocity coordinates responds to any given constraint: a change of medium alters the translational velocity, while motion of source or receiver alters the oscillatory velocity, i.e. the frequency. Refraction is then the egress of the fraction ''NA''(1 − cos α) to the field, leaving ''c''' = ''c'' cos α, so cos α = 1/''n''.

The transverse Doppler effect is the identical figure with frequencies in place of velocities: the photon sheds a fraction and ''f''<sub>T</sub> = ''f''<sub>0</sub> cos α = ''f''<sub>0</sub>(1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>, "and therefore TDE is always a redshift." A direction-dependent part is superimposed, of size ''f''<sub>T</sub> tan α cos θ with θ the angle between the observer's motion and the ray, giving the total

''f'' ' = ''f''<sub>T</sub>[1 + cos θ ⋅ (''v''/''c'')/(1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>].

Since the direction-dependent term reverses sign between θ = 0 and θ = π, Fernando notes it can be cancelled by averaging the forward and backward measurements — which is how Ives and Stilwell isolated the transverse effect — and claims the formula "conforms to the result of Ives and Stilwell experiment."

Aberration is then defined as the deviation that must accompany any frequency change, with tan α' = ''f''<sub>0</sub> sin α / ''f'' ', giving tan α' = tan α / [1 + cos θ ⋅ (''v''/''c'')/(1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>]. Finally, for light in a moving medium only the fraction sin<sup>2</sup>α of the medium's energy of motion is taken up by the photon, so with cos α = 1/''n'',

''c'' " = ''c'' ' + ''v'' sin<sup>2</sup>α = ''c''/''n'' + ''v''(1 − 1/''n''<sup>2</sup>),

which Fernando closes with "Q.E.D." as Fresnel's formula given a physical basis.

==Assessment==

The paper is ambitious and internally more careful than its unfamiliar vocabulary suggests. Where its algebra can be checked, a good deal of it is correct. The triangle of section 2.1 is self-consistent: with ''E'' = ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> and ''Q'' = ''MVc'', the angle relation sin α = ''v''/''c'' forces ''V'' = γ''v'', so ''Q'' = γ''Mvc'' = ''pc'' and the hypotenuse is √((''Mc''<sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> + (''pc'')<sup>2</sup>) = γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>. His new equation (4), γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> = ''Mc''<sup>2</sup>/γ + γ''Mv''<sup>2</sup>, is likewise an exact identity — dividing by γ''Mc''<sup>2</sup> gives 1 = (1 − ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup>) + ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>2</sup> — as Fernando himself notes. His gravitational clock result also checks out: cos<sup>2</sup>α = 1 − ''GM''/''Rc''<sup>2</sup> reproduces the first-order general-relativistic rate factor, and ''GM''<sub>E</sub>(1/''R''<sub>E</sub> − 1/''R''<sub>o</sub>)/''c''<sup>2</sup> × 86400 s does come to about 45.7 μs per day, the standard figure for the gravitational part of the GPS correction. His Fresnel result ''c''/''n'' + ''v''(1 − 1/''n''<sup>2</sup>) is exactly the drag coefficient, and his transverse Doppler factor is exactly 1/γ.

That is also the difficulty. Every one of those is a standard result, and none of them is derived independently — each is reached by choosing the one geometric fraction that produces the known answer. The energy–momentum triangle is the relativistic energy–momentum relation redrawn; the fraction sin<sup>2</sup>α "which acts on the photon" in a moving medium is selected precisely because sin<sup>2</sup>α = 1 − 1/''n''<sup>2</sup> is Fresnel's coefficient; cos α is set equal to 1/''n'' by fiat. No independent principle fixes which projection of which figure applies to which phenomenon, so the "algorithms" have as many free choices as there are phenomena to fit. Fernando's own concluding sentence — "The accurate results derived from the concepts of new field of study ... prove its validity" — is the weakest form of the argument, since accuracy inherited by construction proves nothing.

Where the construction does make a prediction of its own, it fails a measurement the paper explicitly invokes. Fernando's total Doppler formula reads ''f'' ' = ''f''<sub>0</sub>[(1 − β<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> + β cos θ] with β = ''v''/''c''. The relativistic formula is ''f'' ' = ''f''<sub>0</sub>(1 − β<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>/(1 − β cos θ). The two agree to first order in β and part company at second order — which is exactly the order Ives and Stilwell were built to measure. On Fernando's formula the forward and backward frequencies are ''f''<sub>0</sub>(1/γ ± β) and their mean is ''f''<sub>0</sub>/γ, a redshifted centroid; the relativistic values are ''f''<sub>0</sub>γ(1 ± β) with mean ''f''<sub>0</sub>γ. Converting to the wavelengths Ives and Stilwell actually recorded, Fernando's mean is λ<sub>0</sub>(1 + 3β<sup>2</sup>/2) against the relativistic λ<sub>0</sub>γ ≈ λ<sub>0</sub>(1 + β<sup>2</sup>/2): a centroid displacement three times too large. Ives and Stilwell confirmed the factor γ to within a few per cent in 1938 and 1941, and modern storage-ring versions of the same test confirm it to parts in 10<sup>8</sup>. A factor of three is not a marginal disagreement.

The aberration formula has a separate and more visible problem. As written, tan α' = tan α / [1 + γβ cos θ] never vanishes: at θ = π/2 it correctly gives tan α' ≈ ''v''/''c'', which is the observed annual aberration constant of 20.5 arcseconds, but at θ = 0 — a star at the apex of the Earth's way — it still gives about 0.9 of that value. The measured annual aberration of a star varies as sin θ and is ''zero'' at the apex and antapex; that is why the aberration ellipse of a star near the ecliptic degenerates to a line. A formula that predicts nearly twenty arcseconds of displacement where astrometry has measured none for two centuries cannot stand as it is. This matters because aberration is one of the three phenomena the abstract promises to explain.

Two smaller points. The historical claim that "Biot-Savart's law was discerned in 1820, in which a factor having ... the dimensions of a velocity was found to be required" is not right: Biot and Savart's 1820 result contains no such constant. The velocity constant entered through Weber's force law and was first measured by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1856, and Maxwell's identification of it with the speed of light followed in 1861–62. The relation quoted, ''H''/''E'' = ''v''/''c'', is also unit-dependent — it holds in Gaussian units, while in SI the same physical statement reads ''B''/''E'' = ''v''/''c''<sup>2</sup>. Building the claim that ''c'' has "no association with light" on a Gaussian-units ratio is fragile, and the identification of light's speed with the electromagnetic constant is not the coincidence the introduction takes it to be but a consequence of Maxwell's equations. Second, the thermodynamic analogy that motivates the whole coordinate scheme is looser than presented: ''pV'' is constant only in the isothermal case, and treating 1/''t'' as a dimensionless third coordinate is an ad hoc device, as Fernando's own dimensional check (''V'' as ''L''<sup>3</sup>, ''p'' as ''ML''<sup>−2</sup>''T''<sup>−2</sup>) shows, since those two do not multiply to ''ML''<sup>2</sup>''T''<sup>−2</sup>.

What remains attractive is the philosophical core, which does not depend on the geometry: the insistence that "there are no closed systems", that relativistic factors describe energy exchanged with a surrounding medium rather than deformations of space and time, and the rejection of relativistic mass — the last of which is now the majority view among relativists as well, and for reasons close to Fernando's. Read as a proposal about ''interpretation'', the paper deserves engagement. Read as a derivation, it reproduces what it already knew and departs from measurement where it does not.

==See also==

* [[Viraj Fernando]]
* [[Doppler Effect]]
* [[Redshift]]
* [[Time Dilation]]
* [[Special Relativity]]
* [[Speed of Light]]
* [[Photon]]
* [[Mass]]
* [[GPS]]
* [[Tom Van Flandern]]

[[Category:Scientific Paper|doppler phenomena determined photon-cosmic field interactions]]

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[[Category:Gravity|doppler phenomena determined photon-cosmic field interactions]]

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