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{{Infobox paper
| title = An All-Encompassing Theory of Nature
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_2591.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[Richard Oldani]]
| keywords = gravitational field, magnetic field, electromagnetic, electron
| published = 2009
| num_pages = 10
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_2591.pdf here]

==Abstract==

Experimental evidence is cited to show that intersecting fields rather than the fields themselves are what we perceive as carriers of energy.  Thus the energy of an electromagnetic wave is produced by intersecting magnetic and electric fields.  Additional evidence is introduced suggesting that the electron is a magnetic field rotating at speed c whose angular acceleration generates gravitational field.  Therefore electron structure is the sought after unification between electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

==Overview==

Oldani presents this as the last of a series of five papers published in ''[[Physics Essays]]'' between 2003 and 2006, and claims for the collection the status of the first viable "theory of everything" — "not because it explains everything, but because it provides a point of departure from which all phenomena can be included." The paper is programmatic rather than computational: it contains almost no derivations and no numerical predictions, and its content is a set of physical reinterpretations of equations already in the textbooks.

The founding move is a redefinition of what a field is. A field is not something real existing in its own right, with observable properties; it is "a potential which is not realized unless it intersects with a second field", and force is proportional not to field but to ''field intersection''. From this Oldani builds a [[Photon|photon]] that is a magnetic dipole vector potential with its axis along its path and a 1/''r'' lateral field distribution; an [[Electron|electron]] that is that same photon field rotating on its axis at speed ''c''; a gravitational field produced by the angular acceleration of that rotation; a revision of the inverse-square law for incoherent sources; and interpretations of [[Dark Matter|dark matter]] and [[Dark Energy|dark energy]]. The departure from the mainstream is total in interpretation but deliberately minimal in mathematics: quantum mechanics and particle physics are to be "assimilated into field theory nearly unchanged".

==The argument==

===Field intersection replaces field===

Two pieces of evidence are offered for the central postulate. The first is Einstein's own opening remark in the 1905 relativity paper about the asymmetry in the treatment of a magnet and a conductor; Oldani reads it not as a symptom of absolute rest, which is Einstein's use, but as evidence that "mathematically only one of the fields is used at a time to calculate force; whereas physical symmetry demands that both fields interact simultaneously". The second is experimental: brief Tesla-coil spark discharges of two or three cycles photograph brightest in the ''middle'' of the gap rather than at the electrodes where the field is strongest, a result Oldani says was confirmed under control by Dunnington in 1931. He concludes that the ionisation energy comes from field intersection rather than from field.

A field, so understood, cannot be defined by a test charge taken to zero, because "there is no such thing as an infinitesimal charge", all measurement is finite, and "a field in isolation has no physical significance". Fields from a single source cannot intersect, since that would violate energy conservation.

===The photon and Maxwell's equations===

Since transverse radiation fields are given by the vector potential alone, Oldani keeps '''B''' = ∇ × '''A''' and '''E''' = −∂'''A'''/∂''t'', drops the charge term −∇''φ'', and asks for a field geometry satisfying both while producing sinusoidal motion on intersection with charge. His answer is a magnetic dipole aligned with the direction of travel: to an observer travelling at ''c'', the photon "would appear to have a constant B field consisting of a series of closed loops to infinity", and wave motion appears only when that static potential sweeps past charge centres, via '''F''' = (''q''/''c'')('''v''' × '''B''') with ''v'' = ''c''. Electric fields are then not needed to describe wave motion at ''c'', displacement currents become unnecessary, and only three of [[Maxwell's Equations|Maxwell's equations]] are required for radiation.

Two kinds of time are postulated: the continuous flow that fixes ''c'', and a second time "only active during field intersection" that fixes phase. Wave-particle duality becomes geometry — diffuse outer fields give wave behaviour, the concentrated core gives particle behaviour — and because intersection occurs at ''c'', all interactions are indeterminate, which Oldani offers as a physical basis for the [[Uncertainty Principle|uncertainty principle]]. Locality of field action is said to remove the need for [[Quantum Entanglement|entanglement]]. Frequency doubling in a crystal (Franken and colleagues, 1961) is explained by the bound electron becoming a driven oscillator "emitting a photon for each half cycle of the laser light".

===Incoherent sources and the inverse-square law===

If the photon's lateral field extends to infinity as 1/''r'', a star cannot be treated as a point source and geometrical optics fails. Neighbouring source atoms interfere; as light travels outward the trajectories separate and the interference pattern changes. Oldani therefore argues that the inverse-square law "must be revised to include a linear dependence that is determined by the coherence properties of the source", greatest during the initial expansion of the wavefront and diminishing towards 1/''r''<sup>2</sup> at large distance. Type Ia [[Supernova|supernovae]], being dense sources, should show the effect most strongly, and correcting for it in distance calculations "may provide an explanation for dark energy". He identifies the effect with the "long vs. short" photometric anomaly reported in two Space Telescope Science Institute instrument reports, and proposes a laboratory test: compare intensity against distance for coherent and incoherent point sources, with the coherent source predicted to track 1/''r''<sup>2</sup> more closely.

===Electron structure and gravitation===

In pair production a nucleus is said to convert the photon's 1/''r'' transverse magnetic field into two 1/''r''<sup>2</sup> electric fields of opposite polarity, giving the [[Electron|electron]] and [[Positron|positron]], with orientation set by [[Spin|spin]]. The rotating field runs at ''c'' at every radius; its invariance yields the invariance of [[Electric Charge|charge]], and the absence of fractional charge follows if only whole rotations occur. Because the internal space-time of the rotating field is taken to be independent of the space-time the electron sits in, Oldani reads the [[Dirac Equation|Dirac equation]] as describing the internal geometry of a single electron, and concludes that eight dimensions in total are needed.

Gravitation follows from the acceleration of that rotation, written ''a'' = ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''r''. Comparing this with ''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>, Oldani concludes that "[[Mass|mass]] is a proportionality constant indicating the degree of field acceleration". Because field acceleration is always positive, and a negative-direction rotation gives positrons of positive mass, antigravity cannot exist. For [[Dark Matter|dark matter]] he proposes that neutrinos localised in a [[Black Hole|black hole]] undergo constant field acceleration, generating a rotational gravitational acceleration "present at all distances from the black hole to infinity" which, added vectorially to the radial baryonic term, would explain flat galaxy rotation curves and also accelerate the highest-energy cosmic rays.

==Assessment==

The paper's organising instinct is a defensible one and is stated well: that a field defined by a vanishing test charge is an idealisation no measurement realises, and that what is always actually observed is an interaction between two sources rather than a field in isolation. The Tesla-coil observation is a real and slightly surprising datum, and proposing a concrete tabletop experiment — coherent versus incoherent point sources, intensity against distance — is more than most papers of this ambition offer. Oldani is also candid that his postulates "do not admit any deeper explanation".

The difficulties are severe and several of them can be settled by arithmetic rather than by interpretation.

The revised distance law does not survive energy conservation. If the intensity of an incoherent source is ''I'' = ''A''/''r''<sup>2</sup> + ''B''/''r'', the power crossing a sphere of radius ''r'' is 4π''A'' + 4π''Br'', which grows without limit — energy appears from nowhere as the wavefront expands. If ''B'' is negative instead, the intensity goes through zero at ''r'' = −''A''/''B'' and negative beyond it. The paper also states the asymptotics backwards: a 1/''r'' term cannot be "greatest during the initial expansion" and then fade to insignificance against 1/''r''<sup>2</sup> at great distance, because 1/''r'' falls off more slowly and therefore ''dominates'' at large ''r''. The same divergence afflicts the photon itself: a lateral field going as 1/''r'' to infinity gives a field energy ∫''B''<sup>2</sup> d''V'' ∝ ∫d''r''/''r'', which diverges logarithmically, so each photon carries unbounded energy.

The sign of the proposed dark-energy effect is also wrong. The inference of [[Dark Energy|dark energy]] rests on distant Type Ia supernovae being ''fainter'' than a decelerating universe predicts; a law that makes light fall off more slowly than the inverse square makes distant sources ''brighter'', which is the opposite correction. And the "long vs. short" anomaly cited as observational support is not an astrophysical effect at all: it is the charge-transfer-efficiency deficit of the WFPC2 CCD, in which charge is lost to detector traps during readout in proportion to how few electrons a pixel holds, so faint sources in short exposures come out systematically under-measured. It depends on exposure time and detector position, not on source distance or coherence, and it was calibrated out.

The frequency-doubling account violates energy conservation in the same way. Second-harmonic generation converts ''two'' photons of frequency ''ν'' into ''one'' of 2''ν''; the emitted power is at most the incident power. Emitting one photon per half cycle would produce as many photons at 2''hν'' as arrived at ''hν'', doubling the energy. Nor is second-harmonic generation caused by "an outer electron with an appropriately spaced energy level" — it requires a crystal without inversion symmetry, so that the second-order susceptibility does not vanish, which is why Franken's group needed quartz.

Two further specific errors. Gluons are said to have "no mass or charge"; they carry colour charge, and it is precisely their self-coupling, absent in an abelian theory, that produces the asymptotic freedom the paper invokes. And the proposed dark-matter mechanism gives the wrong rotation curve: a ''constant'' centripetal acceleration ''a'' implies ''v''<sup>2</sup>/''r'' = ''a'', hence ''v'' ∝ √''r'', a rotation speed that ''rises'' with radius. Flat curves require ''a'' ∝ 1/''r''. The paper's own stated mechanism therefore does not produce the observation it is introduced to explain.

Finally, the central identification — mass as "a proportionality constant indicating the degree of field acceleration" — is asserted, not derived. No radius is specified for the electron's rotating field, so ''a'' = ''c''<sup>2</sup>/''r'' has no value; no constant of proportionality is given; and consequently the theory makes no numerical prediction for the electron mass, the electron's gravitational field, or anything else that could be compared with measurement. The same applies to the eight dimensions, the two kinds of time, and the neutrino field of infinite extent: each is introduced by hypothesis and none is subsequently used to compute a number. A framework offered as a theory of everything has to be tested somewhere, and this paper does not supply the place.

==See also==

* [[Richard Oldani]]
* [[Physics Essays]]
* [[Photon]]
* [[Electron]]
* [[Neutrino]]
* [[Maxwell's Equations]]
* [[Dirac Equation]]
* [[Dark Matter]]
* [[Dark Energy]]
* [[Supernova]]
* [[Sagnac Effect]]
* [[Electric Charge]]
* [[Nikola Tesla]]

[[Category:Scientific Paper|all-encompassing theory nature]]

[[Category:Unified Theory|all-encompassing theory nature]]
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