View source for A Compendium of Electrogravitational Work for the Years 2009-2010

{{Infobox paper
| title = A Compendium of Electrogravitational Work for the Years 2009-2010
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5501.pdf Link to paper]
| author = [[Jerry E Bayles]]
| keywords = velocity of light, speed of light, Maxwell's Equations, Compton wavelength, relative motion, energy space, A-vector, homopolar generator
| published = 2010
| num_pages = 35
}}

'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5501.pdf here]

==Abstract==

Several decades ago it occurred to me that all matter at the fundamental quantum level was refreshed from one basic moment to the next by energy pulses from what I call energy space, the same energy space that created the original Big Bang event.  The reason for this viewpoint was arrived at by considering the case of two photons in parallel travel and able to observe each other. Photon A observes photon B as standing still and photon B observes Photon A as standing still since both are traveling at the same speed. Not having read about Maxwell's equations that proved they must be traveling at the velocity of light, they both conclude that they are not moving at all since they are the only matter in an otherwise empty universe. Photons A and B may also conclude that they have 'rest' mass since they do not seem to be moving and yet they do have energy related to their frequency. In fact, since there is no other matter, the concept of 'universe' has little or no physical meaning.

This led me to conclude that particles with rest mass may also regard the rest of the physical universe as nonexistent in a non-local sense since their Compton parameters of wavelength and time depend on the speed of light also. That is, all particles with rest mass see all other particles with rest mass as nonmoving in the non-local sense even though a local space observer may see relative motion between particles with rest mass. This requires more than one universe. The non-local primordial universe would be devoid of distance and time and be composed of pure energy that could be metered out to the local space particles via their centers of Compton wavelength which serves as an interface for non-local space to local space. Without the input from energy space, no change in momentum in local space quanta could ever occur.

==Overview==

This is a compendium rather than a single paper: a bound sequence of Mathcad worksheets dated between September 2009 and February 2010, assembled by [[Jerry E Bayles]] as a progress report on the Theory of Electrogravitation he first put forward in the early 1990s. The individual worksheets are named in the document (''Equalprn1.MCD'', ''MassUnits.MCD'' and others), and the material runs from foundational speculation about the origin of mass, through a numerical restatement of five force fields, to engineering calculations for a Faraday homopolar generator. It is best read alongside Bayles's book ''Electrogravitation As A Unified Field Theory'', from which several of the central equations are taken by chapter and equation number.

The organising claim is a two-universe ontology. Alongside ordinary "local space" Bayles posits a non-local '''energy space''' — timeless, dimensionless, of effectively infinite energy amplitude — which continuously "refreshes" every quantum of local matter from one moment to the next. Because energy space has no time and no distance, its connection to every particle is instantaneous regardless of separation; the interface is the centre of a particle's Compton wavelength, and the pulse width of the refresh is Planck time. From this Bayles derives an account in which the static electric, magnetic and gravitational fields are not mediated by photon exchange at all, and in which a lower quantum limit on velocity exists to match the upper limit set by ''c''. The departure from mainstream physics is at the level of mechanism rather than of arithmetic: Bayles retains the standard constants and the standard measured force ratios, and asks what structure would produce them.

==The argument==

===Why static fields cannot be photon exchange===

The polemical starting point is short and specific. Contemporary field theory attributes steady-state electric and magnetic forces to virtual photon exchange, but "virtual photons by accepted definition cannot exert real effects." A real static field, meanwhile, should carry measurable energy — and Bayles observes that "no bolometer can measure electromagnetic power in the steady state force field, no matter how sophisticated." Photons are generated by time-dependent changes in the state of a charge; a field that does not change in time therefore cannot be built from them. He extends the same objection to gravity: if gravitational influence propagates at ''c'', it is unclear how gravitational force escapes a black hole's event horizon unimpeded, which suggests to him that gravity is likewise a non-time-dependent field. Spacetime curvature he rejects outright, as invoking "a real effect ... derived from that which has no tangible existence." Quoting Carlo Rovelli on the disappearance of time from the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, he concludes that since the universe is fundamentally quantum and fundamentally timeless, its static fields are timeless too, and their action must run through energy space rather than through local space.

===Energy space and the refresh mechanism===

The thought experiment behind energy space is the one given in the abstract: two photons travelling in parallel each see the other at rest, and in an otherwise empty universe would conclude they are not moving. Bayles generalises this to rest-mass particles, whose Compton wavelength and Compton time also depend on ''c'', and infers that in the non-local sense all massive particles are mutually at rest — which requires a second, non-local universe to supply what local space cannot.

The mechanism is quantitative. Energy space is modelled on the Dirac delta function — infinite amplitude at zero time — but stepped down to a "weighted impulse function" because nature admits no actual infinities in local space. The lower time limit of the interface is Planck time ''t''<sub>P</sub> = (''Gh''/''c''<sup>5</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> = 1.3512&times;10<sup>&minus;43</sup> s, with the corresponding Planck wavelength &lambda;<sub>P</sub> = (''Gh''/''c''<sup>3</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup> = 4.0508&times;10<sup>&minus;35</sup> m; by the Heisenberg relation ''E''&middot;''t''<sub>P</sub> = ''h'' the associated energy is correspondingly large. Taking the Compton electron frequency ''f''<sub>e</sub> = 1.2356&times;10<sup>20</sup> Hz and the electron rest energy 8.187&times;10<sup>&minus;14</sup> J, Bayles computes the energy-space potential input to a single electron as ''E''<sub>Pe</sub> = ''E''<sub>e</sub>/(''f''<sub>e</sub>''t''<sub>P</sub>) = 4.90&times;10<sup>9</sup> J. Acceleration requires a temporary increase in the refresh frequency; relativistic mass increase corresponds to a widening of the Planck-time pulse. The "arrow of time" is identified with the serial progression of these refresh pulses, with energy space delivering parallel input to all matter at once.

A companion worksheet, ''MassUnits.MCD'', derives mass dimensionally from charge, volts, distance and time, noting that the electron mass expression &mu;<sub>o</sub>''q''<sub>o</sub><sup>2</sup>/(4&pi;''l''<sub>q</sub>) contains both the magnetic vector potential (volt&middot;s/m) and the ''B'' field (volt&middot;s/m<sup>2</sup>). Treating the three local dimensions as ''time'' vectors rather than distances, Bayles integrates over a time interval from 1''t''<sub>P</sub> to 3''t''<sub>P</sub> and recovers the electron rest mass to nine figures, 9.1093897&times;10<sup>&minus;31</sup> kg. He attaches significance to the &radic;3 appearing in the integration limits, reading it as a 120° phase angle — the angle he notes recurring in molecular bonds — and calling it "the phase angle of mass creation from energy space."

===The electrogravitational constants and the five forces===

The numerical core of the compendium is a set of constants Bayles treats as fundamental: an electrogravitational frequency ''f''<sub>LM</sub> = 10.03224805 Hz, wavelength &lambda;<sub>LM</sub> = 8.515&times;10<sup>&minus;3</sup> m, and velocity ''v''<sub>LM</sub> = 0.0854245 m/s — the last being the square root of the fine structure constant in metres per second, which he proposes as an absolute least quantum velocity and hence as a preferred frame of reference, "as opposed to Einstein's viewpoint of the opposite." A quantum inner-space impedance ''R''<sub>Q</sub> = ''R''<sub>s</sub>/(2&alpha;)<sup>1/2</sup> = 2.5813&times;10<sup>4</sup> ohm is defined from the free-space impedance 376.73 ohm.

From these he restates all five forces — electrogravitational, magnetic, electrostatic, weak and strong — in a common algebraic form built from the current element ''i''<sub>LM</sub>&lambda;<sub>LM</sub>/''l''<sub>q</sub>, the ''A''-vector term &mu;<sub>o</sub>''i''<sub>LM</sub>&lambda;<sub>LM</sub>/(4&pi;&Delta;''r''<sub>x</sub>), and a "watt constant," all evaluated at the ''n''=1 Bohr radius of hydrogen. Several numerical coincidences are then reported as evidence:
* The magnetic force ''F''<sub>EM</sub> = 1.2562&times;10<sup>&minus;22</sup> N, multiplied by &lambda;<sub>LM</sub>/''h'', gives 1.6143&times;10<sup>9</sup> Hz — close to the hydrogen hyperfine frequency; with a further factor built from 4/&pi; it gives 1.42025&times;10<sup>9</sup> Hz against the measured ''f''<sub>H1</sub> = 1.4204058&times;10<sup>9</sup> Hz.
* The electrogravitational force ''F''<sub>EG</sub> = 1.98297&times;10<sup>&minus;50</sup> N is compared with the Newtonian ''Gm''<sub>e</sub><sup>2</sup>/''R''<sub>n1</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.97729&times;10<sup>&minus;50</sup> N.
* The nuclear magnetic force ''F''<sub>NM</sub> = 6.68935&times;10<sup>&minus;27</sup> N is matched by &alpha;<sup>2</sup>''F''<sub>EM</sub> = 6.68935&times;10<sup>&minus;27</sup> N.
* The ratios ''F''<sub>ES</sub>/(''F''<sub>EM</sub>&pi;), ''F''<sub>EW</sub>/(''F''<sub>EM</sub>&pi;''e'') and ''F''<sub>EW</sub>/(''F''<sub>ES</sub>''e'') all come out within about one part in a thousand of unity.
* The ratio of the two interface frequencies ''f''<sub>FQK</sub>/''f''<sub>IQK</sub> = 12.56637072 against 4&pi; = 12.56637061.
* Reducing the classical electron radius by (2&alpha;)<sup>&minus;1/2</sup> gives ''l''<sub>q</sub>'' = 3.404&times;10<sup>&minus;16</sup> m, whose ratio to the proton radius &lambda;<sub>prt</sub>/2&pi; = 2.103&times;10<sup>&minus;16</sup> m is 1.61872, against the golden ratio 1.61803.

Bayles also reports that the electrogravitational force constant times the Planck radius is close in magnitude to the Hubble frequency times ''h'', and takes this as uniting "the very largest geometry of the universe ... with the very smallest in the quantum realm." He proposes that the gluon confinement constant is the same force constant. Two further frequencies, ''f''<sub>IQK</sub> = 3.031&times;10<sup>13</sup> Hz (local interface) and ''f''<sub>FQK</sub> = 3.809&times;10<sup>14</sup> Hz (non-local interface), are described as standing waves that normally do not radiate but might be interfered with externally.

===Predicted effects and hardware===

Several testable suggestions follow. Impinging the frequency ''v''<sub>n1</sub>/&lambda;<sub>LM</sub> = 2.569&times;10<sup>8</sup> Hz on pure hydrogen gas "may reveal unexpected energy release from energy space as well as interfering with gravitational and magnetic forces in general"; a bulk weight change in a suitable volume of stimulated hydrogen is offered as the observable. A series arrangement of toroids and ring capacitors is described as a pulse-forming network for building an ''A''-vector, which Bayles proposes would constitute "a negative mass-field driver" usable for propulsion — and, he adds, as a weapon, since the ''A''-vector "cannot be shielded against by ordinary shielding methods."

The longest single block of the compendium is an adapted Mathcad transmission-line worksheet (from an electromagnetics textbook e-book) showing standing waves on a lossless line, tuned so that with source, load and line impedance at half the free-space impedance and a line length of a quarter of &lambda;<sub>LM</sub>, the quantum energy result matches half the King's Chamber resonance of the Great Pyramid. This connects to a running Egyptological thread: Bayles derives the length of the Grand Gallery (measured, 1844.5 in) by dividing the ''n''=1 nuclear force into the hyperfine energy, cites Christopher Dunn's ''The Giza Powerplant'' for the proposal that the hyperfine frequency was used in a hydrogen environment in the King's Chamber, and notes that 4/&pi; is the slope of the Great Pyramid and close to the square root of the golden ratio.

The compendium closes with a treatment of the Faraday acyclic (homopolar) generator, endorsing Bruce DePalma's N-Machine work. Bayles argues that no relativity is needed to explain the Faraday disk: the field near the magnet acts as a "virtual stator" at near-zero velocity, independent of the magnet's rotation — which explains why rotating the magnet alone with the disk stationary generates no voltage. He connects this to the Aharonov–Bohm result that the ''A''-vector acts on particle momentum while the ''B'' field is fully shielded. The engineering conclusion is a scaling argument: since output power varies as the fourth power of the radius difference and as the square of both ''B'' and &omega;, while inertial stress on the magnet grows only linearly-to-cubically with radius, one should increase radius and ''reduce'' rotation rate. Doubling the radius yields 16 times the power for less than eight times the inertial force. He further argues that resistance falls with increasing radius (area growing as ''r''<sup>2</sup>), that drawing current from a homopolar generator does not load down the rotor, and that a large-diameter, slow-turning machine — possibly cryogenic — would therefore make a practical power source, including for spaceflight.

==Assessment==

Two things in this work are genuinely worth taking seriously. The first is the opening objection, which is sharper than most anti-mainstream criticism because it is narrow: whatever one thinks of quantum field theory, the exchange picture for genuinely ''static'' fields does sit uneasily with the definition of a virtual quantum, and Bayles's demand — show me the energy in the steady field with a bolometer — is at least an operational question. The second is the Faraday-generator section, which is by a wide margin the soundest part of the compendium. The scaling analysis (power as the fourth power of radius difference, inertial stress growing much more slowly, resistance falling as area grows) is ordinary engineering and appears to be correct as far as it goes; the "virtual stator" account of why a rotating magnet with a stationary disk produces no EMF is a clean way of putting a real and often-muddled result; and the appeal to Aharonov–Bohm for the physical reality of the vector potential is legitimate — the effect is experimentally established.

Against that, the theoretical core has a structural weakness that the document itself makes easy to see. Almost the entire evidential burden is carried by numerical near-coincidences, and the paper never states a tolerance. ''F''<sub>ES</sub>/(''F''<sub>EM</sub>&pi;) = 1.00044 and ''F''<sub>EW</sub>/(''F''<sub>EM</sub>&pi;''e'') = 1.00133 are declared "very close to unity," and ''l''<sub>q</sub>''/''r''<sub>p</sub> = 1.61872 is declared close to the golden ratio 1.61803 — but with three or four freely chosen constants (&alpha;, &pi;, ''e'', &radic;3, 4/&pi;, (2&alpha;)<sup>&minus;1/2</sup>) available as multipliers, agreement to three or four digits is not by itself informative. This becomes acute where the paper's own numbers disagree with each other: the electrogravitational force 1.98297&times;10<sup>&minus;50</sup> N differs from the Newtonian 1.97729&times;10<sup>&minus;50</sup> N by roughly 0.3%, which is presented as "very close to exact agreement," yet ''G'' is known to far better than that and the comparison is offered as a derivation. A related and more serious problem is dimensional: several of the "force" results carry units such as newton&middot;henry/m&middot;newton, or m<sup>6</sup>s<sup>&minus;6</sup>A<sup>&minus;4</sup>&middot;newton<sup>4</sup>&middot;watt, and Bayles handles this by saying that "one Newton parameter and the magnetic permeability of free space are not variable and thus are hidden." Suppressing units because they are constant is exactly what a dimensional check exists to catch; a quantity of dimension newton<sup>4</sup>&middot;watt is not a force, and the ratios formed between such quantities inherit the problem.

The energy-space postulate is likewise asserted rather than derived. Its two defining properties — timelessness and infinite amplitude — are stipulated, and the Planck-time refresh interval is imported rather than obtained from the model. The electron-mass "derivation" in ''MassUnits.MCD'' recovers 9.1093897&times;10<sup>&minus;31</sup> kg to nine figures, but the electron rest mass in volts, ''V''<sub>e</sub> = ''m''<sub>e</sub>''c''<sup>2</sup>/''q''<sub>o</sub>, is used in constructing the integrand, so the electron mass is on both sides of the calculation; the exercise demonstrates unit consistency, not prediction. The claim of an absolute frame set by a least quantum velocity of 0.0854 m/s is the one clearly falsifiable physical proposal, and it faces the whole body of null results for preferred-frame effects — most directly the Hughes–Drever and modern optical-cavity isotropy experiments, which constrain frame-dependent effects far below the level such a velocity would imply, and which the paper does not address. Similarly, the proposed weight change in hydrogen gas stimulated at 2.569&times;10<sup>8</sup> Hz is a good, cheap, decisive test — but no attempt at it is reported.

Finally, the compendium's boundaries are loose in a way that will cost it readers who might otherwise engage with the generator analysis. The Great Pyramid material rests on a chain — measured Grand Gallery length, hyperfine frequency, 4/&pi; as the pyramid slope, King's Chamber resonance — in which each link is a numerical near-match of the kind already discussed, and the interpolation of a transmission-line tutorial worksheet lifted from a textbook e-book sits oddly in a theoretical paper. The digressions into negative-mass weaponry and unlimited free energy are asserted without derivation and do not follow from anything established earlier. Read as what it announces itself to be — a working notebook rather than a finished argument — the compendium is an honest record of one investigator's calculations; but a reader looking for the physics will find the case for electrogravitation resting almost entirely on coincidences whose statistical weight is never assessed.

==See also==

* [[Jerry E Bayles]] — the author, and his ''Electrogravitation As A Unified Field Theory''
* [[Unified Field Theory]] — the class of theory this work belongs to
* [[Zero Point Energy]] — related proposals for extracting energy from the vacuum
* [[Nikola Tesla]] — earlier work on non-conventional electromagnetic energy
* [[Big Bang]] and [[Dark Energy]] — Bayles identifies energy space with the source of both

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