View source for Halton C Arp

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Halton C. Arp
| image = Halton C Arp 63.jpg
| alt = Halton C. Arp
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|03|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = New York City, United States
| death_date = {{death date|2013|12|28|mf=y}}
| death_place = Munich, Germany
| fields = [[Astronomer]]
| residence = D-85741 Garching, Germany
| nationality = USA / German
| known_for = [[Astronomy]], [[Galaxies]], [[Quasars]], [[Redshift]], Intrinsic redshift, ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies''
}}

'''Halton Christian "Chip" Arp''' (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American astronomer, best known for his 1966 ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'' and for his sustained observational challenge to the [[Big Bang]] interpretation of [[Redshift|redshift]]. His work on apparently connected objects of widely differing redshift made him one of the most prominent scientific critics of standard cosmology in the twentieth century.

==Education==

Arp was born on March 21, 1927 in New York City. He received his Bachelor's degree from Harvard College in 1949 and his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1953, both ''cum laude''.

==Career==

After completing his doctorate, Arp became a Fellow of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1953, carrying out research at the Mount Wilson and Palomar observatories. He was a Research Assistant at Indiana University from 1955, and joined the staff of Palomar Observatory in 1957, where he remained for close to three decades. Earlier in his career he conducted Edwin Hubble's nova search in M31.

In 1983 Arp moved to Germany to join the staff of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, where he continued his research until his death in Munich on December 28, 2013.

==Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies==

While at Palomar, Arp compiled his well-known catalogue of '''peculiar galaxies''' — galaxies that are disturbed or irregular in appearance — published in 1966 as the ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies''. The catalogue remains widely used; in mainstream astronomy many of its entries were later interpreted as interacting and merging galaxies.

==Redshift and the Big Bang==

Arp's central and most controversial claim arose from photographs and spectra taken with the large telescopes. He found that many quasars (quasi-stellar objects) with extremely high redshift ''z'' values — which on the standard interpretation must be receding rapidly and therefore lie at very great distances — appear to be '''physically connected''' to galaxies of low redshift that are known to be relatively nearby.

If such associations are real, then redshift cannot be purely a measure of distance and recession velocity: some component must be '''intrinsic''' to the object. On Arp's view this means the assumption that high-redshift objects must be far away — the assumption on which the Big Bang theory and much of accepted cosmology rests — has to be fundamentally re-examined. He developed the argument across four books, including ''Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies'' (1987) and ''Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science'' (1998), the latter also an account of the professional resistance his work met.

==Honors==

* Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy
* Newcomb Cleveland Award
* Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award
* Sagnac Award, [[Natural Philosophy Alliance]] (2011)

==Articles==

* "A Possible Relationship Between Quasars and Clusters of Galaxies" <em>Astrophysical Journal</em>, 2001, V549, pp. 802-819 (with D. G. Russell).
* Dennis Overbye, [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/science/space/halton-c-arp-astronomer-who-challenged-big-bang-theory-dies-at-86.html?_r=1 "Halton C. Arp, Astronomer Who Challenged Big Bang Theory, Dies at 86"] (Jan 6, 2014).

==Abstracts==

* 2011 - "[[Presentation of the 2011 Sagnac Award to Halton C. Arp]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6688.pdf Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Observational Impetus for Le Sage Gravity]]" 
* 2005 - "[[Observational Cosmology: From High Redshift Galaxies to the Blue Pacific]]" ([http://ptep-online.com/index_files/2005/PP-03-01.PDF Read in full])
* 2000 - "[[Cosmology: "Contradictions Between Theory and Observations"]]" 
* 1999 - "[[New Empirical Clues for the Factor 1.23]]" 
* 1998 - "[[Evolution of Quasars into Galaxies and its Implications for the Birth and Evolution of Matter]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_558.pdf Read in full])
* 1997 - "[[Evolution of Quasars into Galaxies and its Implications for the Birth and Evolution of Matter]]" 
* 1993 - "[[Empirical Evidence on the Creation of Galaxies and Quasars]]" 
* 1991 - "[[How Non-Velocity Redshifts in Galaxies Depend on Epoch of Creation]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_570.pdf Read in full])
* 1989 - "[[Extragalactic Evidence for Quantum Causality]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_557.pdf Read in full])
* 1986 - "[[The Persistent Problem of Spiral Galaxies]]" 

==Books==

* 2003 - "[[Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Catalogue-Discordant-Redshift-Associations-Halton/dp/0968368999/ref=wl_it_dp?ie=UTF8&coliid=I61PD7RCV20WE&colid=1474UGHYBLDL0 Read in full])
* 1998 - "[[Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Seeing-Red-Redshifts-Cosmology-Academic/dp/0968368905/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1216671463&sr=1-1 Read in full])
* 1994 - "[[Progress in New Cosmologies: Beyond the Big Bang]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0306446359/ref=ord_cart_shr?%5Fencoding=UTF8&m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&v=glance Read in full])
* 1987 - "[[Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Quasars-Redshifts-Controversies-Halton-Arp/dp/0941325008/ref=ed_oe_h Read in full])

==Media==

* 2004 - [http://www.universe-film.com/universe-ep1-trailer-medium.mov Universe - The Cosmology Quest] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://youtu.be/1yTfRy0LTD0 The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Documentary)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kePDAAEZ_s&NR=1 The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yf49V9QYU-k&feature=related The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILIRSsGyXKM&feature=related The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy0KBzipGK4&NR=1 The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L01PU3r6fmA&feature=related The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_8webbsiB4&NR=1 The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)
* 2004 - [http://youtu.be/qH6XAacQuRs The Big Bang Never Happened] (Video Movie)

[[Category:Scientist|Arp Halton]]
[[Category:Cosmology|Arp Halton]]
[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]

[[Category:Redshift]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]